^ *>, 


A iJ / \.'4 


'" "^'V 


•f*^*^ 




ii'i 



REWMD EDITION 
EDITED £ .. 





^-^sssssms^ssisetKsi^isss 



i-J- 




NORTH AMERICA 



" If a man can write a better book, preach a 
better sermon, or make a better mousetrap than 
his neighbor, though he build his house in the 
woods, the world will make a beaten path to 
his door." — Emerson. 




a 



pe: 



'_H 0= O. 

:- « £ 

2: (J 



• as 

/ a 



h 




E 13 









IMPORTANT EXPLANATION 



This is the first publication to contain portraits of all the gover- 
nors of Vermont. , . 

The portraits of Governors Moses Robinson, Bennington, 1789-90, 
and Ezra Butler, Waterbury, 1826-28, appear for the first time in 
any publication. The representations of these two Governors are 
composite or constructive, like the familiar portrait of our first 
governor, Thomas Chittenden, which appeared in "Governor and 
Council," Vol. I, 1873, with an explanation of its construction, by 
Hon. E. P. Walton, the compiler. 

These portraits are the work of a special artist, who produced 
the likenesses from descriptions contributed by descendants and 
personal friends, and from photographs or daguerreotypes of the 
descendants and relatives of marked resemblance to the respec- 
tive governors. To these two portraits much time, care and ex- 
pense have been devoted. The results attained are h.ghly satis- 
factory, and we are pleased to state that they meet the hearty 
approval of relatives and friends. 

The portraits of Governors Horace Eaton, Enosburg Falls, 
X846-48, and Carlos Coolidge, Windsor, 1848-50, have never 
appeared before in any text book. The portrait of Governor 
Horace Eaton is copied from an old daguerreotype in possession 
of his niece, Mrs. Edna A. Evans. The P-'l''^\ ^^ ^^'^''''J' 
Carlos Coolidge is copied from an old picture furnished by Alice 
and Walter Butler, a niece and nephew of Governor Coolidge, the 
only relatives then living. 

The following extract from a letter to the publishers, written 
by a grandson of Governor Ezra Butler, explains itself: 

Waterbury, Vt., May 21, 1905- 
The Tuttle Company, Publishers, Rutland, Vt.: 

"Gentlemen:-! can hardly see how I can find any fault with 
the composite picture of Governor Butler. I confess that I was 
quite skeptical as to the ability of the artist to make a good like- 



Conant's Vermont 



iiess of my grandfather, Ezra Butler, even after carefully examin- 
ing pictures of his descendants and securing descriptions of him. 
I did not expect the sketch to retain his characteristics and individ- 
uality; but I wish to express my gratification at your success. 
There is about the picture an atmosphere, if I may so express it, 
that justifies a relationship. 

I think this portrait will fairly represent Governor Butler to 
posterity if placed in the book you are to publish, containing for 
the first time portraits of all the governors of Vermont. I have 
been solicited before for his picture, but have satisfied myself that 
there was no picture of him extant. I have the memory of a small 
boy of him. My older sister, whose suggestions made this portrait 
possible, has passed beyond the infirmities of 83 years since this 
work was begun. The expense and trouble taken to secure this 
portrait are commendable." 

***** 

The following letter to the publishers from a grandson of 
Governor Moses Robinson explains itself: 

Bennington, Vt., May 25, 1905. 
The Tuttle Company, Publishers, Rutland, Vt.: 

"Gentlemen: — I am in receipt of the constructed picture of 
Governor Moses Robinson, and I think it is a very attractive pic- 
ture, and I believe it is as accurate as any you could get from 
means at hand, namely: from pictures of his descendants and 
descriptions of his person. All members of my family agree with 
me in this." 



It affords pleasure to the publishers of Conant's Veimont, revised 
by Mason S. Stone, to be the first to present portraits of these four 
distinguished governors in a Vermont text book, and to present for 
the first time a complete list of portraits of the entire forty-nine 
governors that the State has had in the 130 years of its history. 
Write for special terms for introduction and exchange. 
THE TUTTLE COMPANY, 

Publishers, Rutland, Vt. 




Edward Conant. 




J^5::iii!4, ^^^Af^'^r/ iST^i.nd.eVv 

Una„.))(„ y, \ S.ockbrT^eV^^aysvillJ'X- A^"%^# 



7 ""i'.J;,>k.rif, \f">'™f\w;fl i ^ 
1^ s:^L.Xnh^^^ >"-:" 




ford 

Procion 

Uen.liui'j, 

\ I ;/_5""J'^"* Hartlaad, 

E.Wallin'/lonli 3lli5HollP 



ahorburoe4lW < HartfoS 



|-Sramo|lor.l R^Hdmijo <///| 

*'—■-"- WiijiJsoJW.5 



utnoyviUe 

= KiRuperlV]- > f <</; xrcston S „ „ij,'^ „, 

nil'enoU J^^alvoro o^e,,.^ 




if - . (- 

Maninubler Ccn. o ^ll'";^'.'"^^"? GrafKiu Q, 

Mlanc-hcstero YjO^VinMamo ^ .°, MIC 
, Sarirlb»le-' j rtf^i'S'" '"'i!?P Cambridge. sj1U,,,„, o;.. 

•^"^ () • lf""'*"""'jy®SL V )T o ■Bellows t 

W^UfTiTrpSn^ /y^l Jani«Io«pK Atlieus sit,, • 




ArlflngloDj 
K.AB'lingto^ 

Sh.tl.llry //WO 



I^Bennin 



Vard'sl 



boro 



\ i>uiMtnerfi(t^n„ 
^t Af^ Sf arl boro g 



/J /fiearsb5?i''Vjr.BraI(lLbor<> >^ / 



Handy Rofcreuce 

3Ia|» of — , 

vi:k3I()NT 



Scale OF Miles 



wo' 
M 



ra S.llalilaivS 
V A 



Loi..j,ti,J, 4 tl«.it fn 



6 C»vc/i«»ifA 



6 



THE.. 



Geography, History 

Constitution and Civil 
Government 



OF VERMONT 

IB 

Also Constitution and Civil 
Government of the U. S. 



Published Expressly to Comply with the State Laws. 



ORIGINAL EDITION 

By EDWARD CON ANT, A. M. 



FIFTH EDITION 

Revised and Enlarged 

By MASON S. STONE 

Superintendent of Education 
State of Vermont 



'Yf I haue sayed a misse, I am content that any man amende it " 

- -Roger A St ham 



PUBLISHED BY 

THE TUTTLE COMPANY, RUTLAND, VT. 

1907 



IressI 

sived I 



UBRARY«fCOMGRESS 

Two C004M Rocalved 
AUG 23 t90r 

CocvfCW Entry 

COPY Q, 






COPYRIGHTED 1907, BY 




(!jonqjan?^ 



FIFTH EDITION— REVISED 



SPECIAL NOTICE 



Portraits of Governor Moses Robinson and (jovernor 

Ezra Butler are published for the first time. 

Copyrighted, i9o5, and ail rights reserved. 

The Tuttle Company, Publishers, Rutland, Vt. 



The welcome given to former editions leads 
the Publishers to issue a Fifth Edition revised. 
This edition is more fully illustrated and con- 
tains many new features, including new civil 
government texts of Vermont and of the United 
States. '"^ ' « 



ORIGINAL PREFACE— First Edition 



BY EDWARD CONANT 



This book has been prepared as a text book for schools. 
The work has been done with the conviction that while 
fullness is desirable, brevity is necessary. 

In the Geography an attempt has been made to exhibit 
Vermont in its relations to other portions of the country, 
both contiguous and remote. 

To that end, three maps were introduced. The first 
and second of these show the position of the State with 
respect to some of the great routes of travel across the 
continent ; while the third shows some commercial rela- 
tions of high importance to our industries, and equally it 
shows our relation to some of the chief centers of American 
civilization. The next four maps illustrate different phases 
of our Geography. The map entitled Political Divisions 
shows every town and gore in the State, the probate dis- 
tricts, the counties, the congressional districts. The last 
map illustrates the history that follows. It is believed that 
this use of several maps has decided advantages over any 
larger maps that could be introduced in such a book. 

The description of the mountains and valleys and of the 
waters of the State is the result of considerable observation 
and some reading; and it is believed to present the funda- 
mental conceptions necessary to a clear understanding of our 
Geography and History. 

Several tables have been appended to the Geography con- 
taining matters of interest and furnishing illustiation of the 
development of the State. 

In the History the chief difficulty encountered grew out 
of the abundance of material. The purpose has been to 
select only that which is important, characteristic and inter- 



4 Preface 

esting. The chief authorities followed are Zadoc Thomp- 
son's Vermont, Hiland Hall's Early History of Vermont, 
B. H. Hall's History of Eastern Vermont, the Governor 
and Council of Vermont, Benedict's Vermont in the Civil 
War, Miss Hcmenway's Historical Gazetteer of Vermont, 
Chittenden's The Capture of Ticonderoga, The Centennial 
Anniversary of the Battle of Bennington, and the Memoir 
and Official Correspondence of General John Stark. Several 
town histories have been very helpful. Among these are 
D. P. Thompson's History of Montpelier, The History 
of the 7'own of Newfane, Munson's History of Manches- 
ter, Tucker's History of Hartford and Dana's History of 
Woodstock. Material of value has been drawn from Belk- 
nap's History of New Hampshire, Parkman's Pioneers of 
France, Palmer's History of Lake Champlain, Lossing's 
Field Book of the War of 1812, the Histories of the United 
States of Bancroft, Hildreth, and Schoider, and from other 
works. 

The first settlement of Vermont has been assigned to 
Vernon, and to a date not later than 1690, on the authority 
of Hon. H. H. Wheeler, Judge of the United States 
District Court for the District of Vermont, who has 
rendered valuable assistance in another part of the work. 

Aid has also been received from Rev. A. W. Wild, from 
Hon. Hiram A. Huse, State Librarian, who read a portion 
of the proof sheets, and from Hon. G. G. Benedict, who, 
in addition to other assistance, read the proof of the chapter 
on the Civil War, and to whose History and aid the value 
of that chapter is chiefly due. 

To others, who have ofFered valuable suggestions and 
encouragement, much Is due. 

The author hopes this book may prove useful to the 
youth of Vermont. 

Edward Conant 

Randolph, Attg., 1890 



INTRODUCTION TO FIFTH EDITION 



BY MASON S. STONE 



I.i the title page of his text on Vermont, Mr. Conant 
quotes from Roger Ascham as follows: " Yf I haue sayed 
a misse, I am content that any man amende it." On 
account of the deep insight, the keen discriuiiiiation, and 
the accurate scholarship for which Mr. Conant was exten- 
sively and favorably known, it would seem presumption 
on the part of any one to attempt to correct anything 
concerning Vermont published over his name; therefore 
it should be said, in explanation of the present revision, 
that it is issued, not for the purpose of correcting the 
original work, but, if possible, to improve it for school 
use by a modification of forms of expression, by the addi- 
tion of new material and by bringing the contents up to 
date. 

The present book contains in a compact and teachable form 
all the essential facts of the Geography, History and Civil 
Government of Vermont, also of the Civil Government 
and Constitution of the United States; it is published 
specifically for school use and with the purpose of meeting 
in fullest measure the intent of the law prescribing the 
teaching of the Geography, History, and Civil Govern- 
ment of the State. 

In order that it may be of the greatest service in the 
school room, certain statistics and facts are included for 
reference and comparison, but not for study or memoriza- 
tion. The chapters on Civics are written with an appre- 
ciation of the benefits to be derived from training in good 
citizenship, and it is hoped that the matter presented will 
contribute greatly to the supreme end for which our public 
schools are maintained. 



6 Preface 

Fur assistance in the work of revision, especial acknowl- 
edgment is made of the valuable services rendered by Hon. 
Horace W. Bailey, United States Marshal, Hon. Henry 
L. Clark, Judge of Probate of the Fair Haven District, 
and Hon. T. C. Cheney, Speaker of the House of Repre- 
sentatives ; acknowledgments are also due to other prom- 
inent Vermonters for courtesy in reading proof sheets and 
for suggestions given, namely: Superintendent Henry O. 
Wheeler, Dr. H. D. Holton, F. W. Pierce, Elmer Barnum, 
Frank L. Greene, Henry L. Stillson, Historian, 
Hon. John Merrifield, Hon. F. W. Baldwin, Hon. H. S. 
Peck, Hon. A. A. Hall, Hon. Josiah Grout, Hon. F. D. 
Proctor, Hon. G. M. Powers, Hon. John Senter, and Hon. 
Henry A. Harman, author of " The Vermont Justice and 
Public Officer." 

While great care has been used in revising, compiling 
and proof reading, it is expected that trivial errors of print, 
typographical errors, and possibly mistakes in subject mat- 
ter may occur in this revised edition. In view of these 
facts the publishers cordially invite criticism and sugges- 
tions for future editions. It is their desire to produce a 
complete text book on Vermont, one that shall cover its 
Geography, History and Civil Government, in compliance 
with the law, and that shall be unsurpassed in accuracy 
of statement and form of composition. If they have suc- 
ceeded they ask those interested in our public schools to 
approve it. 

Mason S. Stone 

Morrisville, Aug. IQOJ 



The Publishers will be pleased to receive notice of cor- 
rections or amendments that will contribute to the improve- 
ment of future editions of Conant's Vermont. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



GEOGRAPHY 



Location .... 

Mountains and Valleys 

Boundary Waters 

Internal Waters 

Questions on Text and Map 

Routes of Travel 

Railroad Journeys 

Climate .... 

Soil and Products 

Metals and Minerals — Building and Ornamental Stone 

Main Divisions of the State 

Important Towns and Cities 

Education 

HISTORY 

Explorations. Raids. First Settlement. War Parties 

Further Settlements. Conflicting Claims 

The Revolutionary War . 

The Building of the State . 

Vermont's Declaration of Independence 

Independent Sovereignty 

Early Development .... 

War. Business. Social Conditions 

The War of i8i2 .... 

The Civil War .... 

The Spanish-American War 

Present Conditions. Education . 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT 



Introductory Note 

Preparation for Citizenship 

Organization .... 

Town Government 

Conventions and Caucuses 

General Elections 

The Three Functions of Government 

Obligations of Citizenship . 

Forms of Government 

Evolution of the Constitution 

Constitution of the United States 



13 
15 
21 
23 

32 

35 
40 

43 
45 
51 
61 

63 
87 



"3 

137 

153 

176 
181 
187 
203 
217 
220 

245 
260 
263 



297 
298 

305 
313 
321 
324 
330 
344 
348 
351 
356 



Tablk of Contents 



Analysis of the Constitution of the United States 
Facsimiles of Forms ...... 

Letter from George Washington 

Tlie Constitution of \'ermont . . . . 

Synopsis of the Constitution of Vermont . 
The Constitution of the United States 



PACE 
366 

370-375 

378 

379 
401 
405 



MAPS 



Vermont (modern) 

Ncrth America 

The United States 

Vermont and Vicinity 

Vermont, Mountains and Rivers 

Vermont, Routes of Travel 

Vermont, Rocks and Quarries . 

Vermont, Political Divisions 

New Hampshire and New York Grants 

Vermont, Historical .... 

New Hampshire Grants 

First Political Division 

United States in 1790 

TABLES 

Books of Reference . 

Geographical Data 

Areas of the Counties of Vermont 

Population by Towns, 1791 to 1900 

Population by Counties, 1791 to 1900 

Most Populous Towns, 1791 to 1900 

Comparative Population, 1791 to 1900 

Height of Mountains 

Area of Lakes and Ponds . 

Incorporation of Counties, etc. 

Lighthouses in Vermont 

Federal Court Houses in Vermont 

Ports of Entry in Vermont . 

Dates of Importance . 

Grand List of the State 

Governors of Vermont, 1778 to 1907 

Li^utenant-CJovernors, 1778 to 1907 

Senators in Congress, 1791 to 1907 

Representatives in Congress, 1791 to 1907 



Frontispiece 

Inside of first cover 

Page next to inside of first cover 

12 
33 



41 
50 
81 

106 

112 
126 
146 
193 



9 

93 
93 
94-104 
105 
107 
108 
109 
109 
no 
no 
no 
no 
279 
281 
282 
291 
292 
294 



REFERENCE BOOKS 

PERTAINING TO THE HISTORY AND 

GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT 



PREPARED EXPRESSLY FOR STONE'S REVISED EDITION 

OF CONANT'S VERMONT BY 

E. G. BALDWIN 



SOURCES 



Reprints of original records and minutes of early conventions and 
other important documents 

Slade's Vermont State Papers, by William Slade, Jr., Secretary 
of State, Middlebury, 1823: contains among other valu- 
able documents the Journal of the Council of Safety, the 
first Constitution and the early journals of the General 
Assembly. 

Governor and Council of Vermont, edited by E. P. Walton, 
Montpelier, 1873-1880: contains a large amount of matter 
relative to the New York controversy. 

STANDARD HISTORIES 

The Natural and Civil History of Vermont, by Samuel 
Williams, LL.D., Burlington, 1809. 2 vols. 

History of Vermont, Natural, Civil and Statistical, by Zadoc 
Thompson, Burlington: contains geography, botany, birds, 
animals and fishes of the state, with civil history and 
gazetteer to 1842; issued with appendix in 1853. 

History of Eastern Vermont, by Benjamin H. Hall, New York, 
1858: one of the best histories for reference. 

The Vermont Historical Gazetteer, edited by Abby Maria 
Hemenway, Burlington, 1867-1891: a series of town his- 
tories grouped by counties. 

Early History of Vermont, by Hiland Hall, Albany, N. Y., 
1868: a work relative to the struggle between New York 
and Vermont. 



10 Reference Books 

Vermont, a Study of Independence, by Rowland E. Robinson, 
Boston, 1892. 

The V'ernnont Historical Society Collections, 2 vols. 

Depuy's Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Heroes of 'jd: 

contains the full text of Ethan AMenV " Narrative." 
Vermont for Young \'ermonters, by Miriam I. Kimball, New 

York, 1904. 
History of Vermont, by Edward D. Collins, Boston, 1904. 

FICTION 

Whicli will bring reality to the dry facts and make the events 

and characters have a charm and realism that 

can be attained in no other way 

The Green Mountain Boys, by D. P. Thompson, Montpelier, 
1840: gives descriptions of the capture of Ticonderoga and 
the Battle of Hubbardton. 

The Rangers, by D. P. Thompson, Boston, 1851: gives descrip- 
tion of the Battle of Bennington. 

Green Mountain Girls, by Blythe White, Jr., New York, 1856: 
a story of conditions existing along the northern frontier of 
the State during the war of 1812. 

The Gilead Guards, by Mrs. O. W. Scott, New York, 1891: 
gives strong descriptions of the spirit and manners of a 
Vermont town during the civil war; characters taken from 
Orleans County. 

Uncle Lisha's Shop and Danvis Folks, by Rowland E. Robin- 
son, New York, 1887 and 1894: a true picture of rural life 
in Vermont in 1840. 

A Danvis Pioneer, by Rowland E. Robinson, Boston, 1900: 
a story of one of Ethan Allen's Green Mountain Boys. 

The Wood Carver of Lympus, by Mary E. Waller, Boston, 
1904: depicts interesting features of rural life in Vermont. 

Hester of the Grants, by Theodora Peck, New York, 1905: 
reveals customs and conditions of the State in its formative 
period. 



See page 368 for books of reference on the Civil Government of 
the United States. 



Geography of Vermont 



GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT 




CHAPTER I 
Location 



ERMONT is in the northeastern part of the 
United States and in the northwest corner 
of New England. It is bounded on the 
north by the Dominion of Canada, on the 
east by New Hampshire, on the south by 
Massachusetts, and on the west by New 
York. I'he northern boundary of Vermont is nearly 
coincident with the forty-fifth parallel of north latitude, 
crossing it several times, hence is practically equidistant 
between the equator and north pole; its eastern boundary 
is the west bank of the Connecticut River at low water; 




Hathaway's Point, St. Albans Bay 

its southern boundary is a continuation of the southern 
boundary of New Hampshire and is nearly the parallel 
of forty-two degrees forty-four minutes north latitude; and 
the western boundary extends in a northerly direction from 
the northwest corner of Massachusetts to the Poultney 
River and then follows the deepest channel of this river 
and of Lake Champlain. 



(2) 



14 



Geography of Vermont 




riic hackhniie oi tin- (inrii Mc)untain> 
A lovely bit of dappled green 
Shut in the circling hills between." — Dorr 




Minuii l.t|uiiiox, Mauclicstcr 
"In the Green Valley" 



Mountains and Valleys 



15 



CHAPTER II 
Mountains and Valleys 




HE GREEN MOUNTAIN range extends 
through Vermont in a direction nearly north 
and south, but it is nearer the western than 
the eastern side of the State. Just north of 
Canada line it is terminated by the Missisquoi 
River; about thirty-five miles south of the 
Missisquoi, the Lamoille River cuts the range; and eighteen 
miles further south, the Winooski River also cuts through. 




Summit Mount Mansfield looking northeast from 
Underbill side of Nose 
" To grasp the beauty 
Set so thick around." 

The highest peaks of this range are, from north to 
south, Jay, Belvidere, Sterling, Mar.sfield, Camel's Hump, 



i6 



Geography of Vermont 



Lincoln, Pico, Killington, Shrewsbury, Stratton and Hay- 
stack. Mount Mansfield, with its elevation of 4,389 feet, 

is the highest 
mountain in 
the State, and 
K i 1 lington, 
4,221 feet, is 
second. In the 
southern part 
of the State, 
the main 
range is 
broad - backed 
and continu- 
ous ; about 
the middle of 
the State it 
becomes nar- 
rower and 
higher, and is 
from thence 
accompanied 
on the east 
by parallel 
Killington House, luar Miiniiiii (il \lt. KHIiiigton ranges, which 

"List to Nature's wooing calls." ^j.^ consider- 

ably broken. 

The longest of the parallel ranges is from the White 
River to the Winooski. A parallel range is found 
between the Winooski and the Lamoille rivers, the highest 
peaks of which are the Hogback and Elmore mountains ; 
another parallel range is between the Lamoille River and 
Canada line, of which the Lowell Mountains are the 
highest; and another range is in the northeastern part of 
the State, the chief mountains of which are Monadnock 




Mountains and Valleys 17 

in Lemington, Westmore Mountain and Burke Mountain, 
each of which is over 3,000 feet high. Other prominent 




Logs coming down from Mount Pico 
" The stately children of the wood." — Dorr 

peaks of the parallel ranges are the granitic mountains Hor 
and Pisgah in Westmore, Blue in Ryegate, Knox in Orange, 
Ascutney in Windsor, and Black in Dummerston. 

On the western side of the main range are the Red 
Sandrock Mountains, the highest point of which is Grand- 
view in the town of Addison. These mountains are near 
Lake Champlain, stand in a low country, and are therefore 
unusually conspicuous. 

Near the western border and in the southern half of 
Vermont are the Taconic Mountains. They do not form 
a continuous ridge as the Green Mountain range, but are 
broken into groups. Of these, Herrick, Eolus and Equinox 
Mountains, and Mount Anthony are the chief. 

The main water-shed of Vermont coincides with the 
Green Mountain range from the Massachusetts line nearly 
to Lincoln Mountain ; thence it deflects to the east, crosses 
narrow north-and-south valleys, follows along northerly 



i8 



GEO(;RAPH^ OF \'i:r.m{)\t 



ridges, extends in an irregular course to the northeastern 
part of the State and at Canada line is quite near the Con- 
necticut River. 

In the town of Sheffield, about twenty miles south of 
Lake Memphremagog, a lateral water-shed curves reversely 
around the headwaters of the Lamoille River and the large 
bend of the Black River, in Orleans County, and follows 




Ascutney Mountain from old Indian road to Crown Point, 

near Sprinj^field 

" Earth fills her lap with pleasures of her own " 



the ridge of the Lowell Mountains into Canada, thus form- 
ing with the main water-shed a system of drainage in the 
north central part of the State, of which Lake Memphre- 
magog is the reservoir, known as the North Central Valley. 
That portion of the State which lies east of the main 



Mountains and Valleys 



19 



water-shed is in the Connecticut Valley, and the portion 
west of the main and lateral water-sheds is in the Cham- 
plain-Hudson Valley. 

Between the Green and Taconic Mountains is what 
may be called the Southwest Valley of Vermont. On the 
east of this valley the Green Mountains form an unbroken 
wall, while to the westward are the Taconic Mountains 
with numerous gaps. 

The Central Valley of Vermont lies east of the main 
range of the Green Mountains and extends from Canada 
line to the Black River, southeast from Killington Peak. 
Near the middle of its northern portion, this valley is almost 
filled by Norris Mountain in the town of Eden. The 
portion between the Lamoille and the Winooski rivers is 
the widest. The portion between the Winooski and the 
White rivers is crossed about midway by the main water- 
shed of Vermont. The southern portion, in which are 
branches of the White, Quechee, and Black rivers, is quite 
irregular in its direction. 




Bellows Falls and the Connecticut River 



20 



Gt-OC.R.MMI^ OF X'kR.MONT 




Boundary Waters 



21 




CHAPTER III 

Boundary Waters 

HE Connecticut River rises in New Hampshire, 

forms the entire eastern boundary of Vermont, 

passes through A'lassachusetts and Connecticut 

—s^mfm ^^^ empties into Long Island Sound. Its 

^■^^ chief commercial use is to float logs from the 

upper portion of its valley to the manufactur- 
ing towns below ; but it also furnishes abundant water 
power which is made use of in Vermont for manufacturing 
purposes, especially at 
Canaan, Guildhall, 

Lunenburg, Mclndoes, 
Ryegate, Wilder, and 
Bellows Falls. Poult- 
ney River forms a 
boundary for several ^ 
miles between New 
York and Vermont. 

On Canada line is 
W^allis Pond, about A logging crew on the Connecticut 
two-fifths of which is in the town of Canaan. Lake Mem- 
phremagog is an attractive body of water on the northern 
boundary of the State and about midway between the Con- 
necticut River and Lake Champlain. It is nearly thirty 
miles long, two or three miles wide, and lies about one- 
fourth in Vermont and the remainder in Canada. Near 
its southern extremity are the villages of Newport and 
West Derby; and at its northern extremity is its outlet, 
the St. Francis River, which empties into the St. Lawrence. 
Lake Champlain, reported to its discoverer by the Indians 
as " a large lake, filled with beautiful islands, and a fine 




22 



Geography of Vermont 



country surrounding it," is partly in Vermont, partly in 
New York and partly in Canada. Its length is one hun- 
dred twenty-six miles, its greatest width in clear water is 
thirteen miles, and its average width is about four and 
one-half miles. Its outlet is the Richelieu River, which 
empties into the St. Lawrence about forty-five miles 
below Montreal. There are many islands in this lake, 
the chief of which are North Hero, South Hero, and Isle 
La Motte, all in Vermont and all unusually attractive as 
summer resorts. This lake was an important thorough- 
fare before white men traversed it, — and it is so still, 
although the railroads through and on each side of it and 
those crossing both its northern and southern portions some- 
what diminish its importance as a waterway. In colonial 
days and during the Revolutionary War and the War of 
i8i2, there were strong fortifications on the west side of it, 
while near and upon it several important battles were 
fought. 

The Hudson River rises among the Adirondack Moun- 
tains west of Lake Champlain and flows southeasterly, 
then southerly to New York Bay, and is navigable from the 

ocean to Troy, 




Eagle Camp Beach on Lake Champlain, 
Grand Isle County 



which is just west 
of the southern 
boundary of Ver- 
mont. This river 
is wholly in New 
York, but it re- 
ceives tributaries 
from Vermont 

and, with Lake 
Champlain and 
the Hudson 



Canal, forms an important line of communication along the 
western border of Vermont. 



Internal Waters 



23 



CHAPTER IV 

Internal Waters of Vermont 

HE RIVERS of Vermont may be treated in 
four groups: the tributaries of the Connecti- 
cut River, of Lake Memphremagog, of Lake 
Champlain, and of the Hudson River. 

The tributaries of the Connecticut River, 
of which the Nulhegan, Passumpsic, Wells, 
Waits, Ompompanoosuc, White, Quechee, Black, Williams, 





Black River at Springfield ; where perch and pickerel hide 

Saxtons, West and Deerfield are the chief, rise in the 
main water-shed of Vermont and flow in a southerly or 
southeasterly direction, the last named emptying into the 



24 



Gp-ography of Vkrmoxt 




ConiH'cticut in Massachusetts. Hall's Stream, wliich sep- 
arates New Hampshire from Canada for a short distance, 

cuts across the northeastern corner of V'^ermont and empties 

into the Connecticut about one-half mile below Canada line. 
The Vermont tributaries to Lake Memphremagog are 

the Barton and the Black from the south, and from the 

east the Clyde, 
which is uniform 
in its flow on 
account of the 
numerous lakes and 
ponds which serve 
as reservoirs for its 
waters. 

The principal 

Vermont tributaries 
of Lake Champlain 
are the Missisquoi, 
Lamoille, Winooski, 

Otter Creek, and Poultney rivers. The first three of these 

rise east of the main Green Mountain range, the first 

flowing around the 

northern extremity 

of the range, and 

the other two 

breaking through 

it. The Missisquoi 

is navigable to 

Swanton, about six 

miles, and the Otter 

Creek to Vergennes, 

eight miles from 

Lake Champlain. 

The tributaries to the Hudson from Vermont are the 

Battenkill and the Hoosac, each of which receives important 



Lamoille River, near Johnson 




North Duxbury, looking down the 
Winooski River 



Internal Waters 



25 



tributaries after leaving the State, Not only do the 
streams of Vermont water beautiful and fertile valleys, but 
along their courses they furnish valuable water power for 
manufactur- 
ing purposes. 
The waterfalls 
most worthy 
of mention on 
account of 

their size, 

height, or 

beauty are 

Bellows Falls 
in the Con- 




Palisades on Winooski River, near Waterbury 
" All was silent as a dream 
Save the rushing of the stream." 



necticut River, 

Springfield Falls in the Black River, Hartland Falls in the 

Quechee River, Bolton Falls in the Wells River, Troy Falls 




Bolton Falls Dam and electric light plant 



26 



GliOGRAl'in' OF VliRMOXT 



and Swanton Falls in the Missisquoi River, Morrisville 
Falls, Fairfax Falls, and Milton Falls in the Lamoille River, 




Falls of the Lamoille at Morrisville 

Bolton Falls and Winooski Falls in the Winooski River, 
and Gookins Falls, at Center Rutland, Sutherland Falls at 
Proctor, Middlebury Falls, Belden Falls and Vergennes 
Falls, in the Otter Creek. 




Carver's Falls at Fair Haven, Castleton River 
" Where the silver brook from its full laver pours the white cascade." 

There are many interesting falls on smaller streams, but 
those of especial attraction are Molly's Falls in Marshfield, 



Internal Waters 



27 



Moss Glen Falls in Stowe, Lana Cascade in Salisbury, 
Hamilton Falls in Jamaica, and Brockway Falls in Rocking- 
ham. Also there are several river gorges worthy of men- 
tion, the most remarkable of which are Cavendish Gorge, 
near the middle of the course of the Black River, Quechee 
Gorge, near the mouth of 
the Quechee River, Mid- 
dlesex Narrows in the 
Winooski River, and Clar- 
endon Gorge in Mill 
River. 

Of the many lakes and 
ponds wholly within Ver- 
mont, the most numerous 
are in the northeastern 
part of the State, while the 
largest and most patron- 
ized as summer resorts are 
in the south-central section 
of the State and west of 
the main range of mountains, 
of the State, Willoughby Lake is the largest and in pic- 




Quechee Gorge 
In the northeastern part 




Gookins Falls on Otter Creek, Center Rutland 



28 



Geography of Vermont 




Sutherland Falls at Proctor on Otter Creek 




Falls at Middlebury on Otter Creek 



Internal Waters 29 

turesqueness is unsurpassed in Vermont. Other important 
lakes and ponds in this part of the State are, in order of 
size, Seymour Lake in Morgan, Island Pond in Brighton, 
Great Averill Pond in Averill, Crystal Lake in Barton, 
Norton Pond in Norton, Maidstone Lake in Maidstone, 
Salem Pond in Derby, May Pond in .Barton, and Little 
Averill Pond in Averill. 

On the eastern side of the State are Groton Pond, situ- 
ated amid granitic mountains, Fairlee Lake in West Fair- 
lee, Morey Lake in Fairlee, on w^hich Samuel Morey plied 
his steamboat in 1793, and Joe's Pond in Cabot and 
Danville. 




Joe's Pond, West Danvilk 

In the north-central section are Caspian Lake in Greens- 
boro, Great Hosmer Pond in Albany and Craftsbury, and 
Eden Pond in Eden. 

In the northwestern section of the State are Franklin 
Pond, remarkable for its curious pond walls, and Fairfield 
Pond. 



(3) 



30 Geography of V^ermoxt 

On the western side of the State are Lake Dunmore in 
Salisbury, celebrated in the tale of the Green Mountain 
Boys, Lake Bomoseen in Castleton, a fashionable summer 
resort, Lake St. Catherine in Wells and Poultney, a lake 
in two parts connected by a narrow channel, and Lake 
Hortonia in Sudbury, noted for its charming bits of scenery. 

There are many other lakes and ponds in Vermont, 
some of which are as important as those named and all 
remarkable for the purity of their waters and for the beauty 
of their scenery. 

In the foregoing enumeration it is impossible to enter 
into a description of the various places, each of which has 
its own peculiar charm and feature. Without discrimin- 
ating, it can truly be said that Vermont is unique in the 
diversity and picturesqueness of its scenery. Everj-where 
there are purling brooks and sedgy ponds and charming 
lakes with their settings of leafy wood and rolling hills. 
Along the rivers stretch the highways leading up to the 
little valleys among the mountains, and at every turn and 
from every point are extensive views of sweeping valley and 
pastoral life, while in the dense forests of the mountain sides 
are strolling deer, and every stream has gamey trout sport- 
ing in the cozy nooks and under the little cascades. Such 
inviting scenes, together with the salubrious climate, the 
abundance of fish and game and the excellent hotel accom- 
modations, are rapidly winning a patronage of summer vis- 
itors to Vermont that is beneficial alike to the State and to 
the summer guest. 




Caspian Lake, Greensboro 



Internal Waters 



31 




Lake Morey, Fairlee 
" Crowned with light the mountains stand 
Royally on either hand." — Dorr 




A fourteen mile drive in Rutland County; Lake Hortonia in 
the distance, Echo and Beebe Lakes in the foreground 



QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT AND MAP 
MOUNTAINS AND RIVERS 



Describe the Green Mountain range. Trace it on the map. 
Point out the higliest mountains in it. Describe and trace the 
ranges parallel to the main range. Describe the main water-shed 
of Vermont. Trace it on the map. Describe the Taconic Moun- 
tains. Point out the highest of them. Describe the Red Sandrock 
Mountains. Describe and point out the granitic mountains. 

Describe the Southwest Valley of Vermont. Trace it. What 
rivers are found partly within it? Describe and trace the Central 
Valley of Vermont. What rivers cross it? 

What rivers form portions of the boundary of Vermont? In 
what directions do they flow? Into what waters? 

Name the Vermont tributaries of the Connecticut River. Which 
of them flows into Massachusetts ? In what direction does it flow 
while in Vermont? What other of these tributaries flows south- 
ward? 

Name the Vermont tributaries of Lake Memphremagog. In what 
direction does each of them flow ? 

Name the Vermont tributaries of Lake Champlain. In what 
direction does each flow? On which side of the Green Mountains 
does each rise? Which have tributary lakes? Name the lakes. On 
which side of the Taconic Mountains is the Otter Creek? On which 
side of them does the Castleton River rise? The Poultney River? 
The Battenkill? 

Name the Vermont tributaries of the Hudson River. In what 
direction does each flow? Which enters Vermont from another 
State? From what State? Into what State do they all flow? 

Name the chief w-aterfalls of Vermont. Point them out on the 
map. 

Name the chief lakes and ponds of Verrpont and locate them on 
the map. 

Draw a map of Vermont showing its boundaries, mountains and 
rivers. 




ASSAC(HU5£Tr8 



34 



Geography of Vermoxt 




Silver Lake, Leicester 
" Summer comes with joys for all." 




Crystal Lake, Barton 

" See the field, the shore, the wildwood. 



Routes of Travel 



35 




St. Albans, vliowiii^ depot of Cential \eiinont Railroad 



1 


T 


li ii li 



CHAPTER V 

Routes of Travel 

HE INDIANS were the first engineers, and 
the railroads that run along the river valleys 
or cross the State follow the old Indian trails. 
Also the lines of water travel pursued today 
are those followed by the Indians in prehis- 
toric days. But today a canal connects the 
head of Lake Champlain with the Hudson River, so that 
through the Champlain-Hudson Valley there is an uninter- 
rupted water-way consisting of the Richelieu River, Lake 
Champlain, Hudson Canal, and Hudson River, thus con- 
necting the St. Lawrence River with New York Bay. By 
means of this water route the ports on Lake Champlain 
receive merchandise from New York City, coal from the 
mines of Pennsylvania, and lumber from the Canadian . 
forests. 

This water-way is paralleled on either side by a railroad 
route. The one traversing Vermont enters the State at 
Alburg, passes through the principal islands of Lake Cham- 
plain, crosses to the mainland near the mouth of the 



36 



Gkographv of Vermont 



Winooski River, continues near the Lake until it reaches 
the Otter Creek, follows up this river and through the 
Southwest Valley, and leaves the State at North Benning- 
ton. At Rutland this line also diverges to the east, crosses 
over the main range of the Green Mountains, runs down 
the eastern slope to Bellows Falls, and connects with lines 
to Boston and Springfield, Mass., and New York. 




Rutland Kailrciiul, at summit of (iiccii Mcuiniains, in town of 
Mount Holly — Green Mountain Flyer 
" Whizzing through the mountains, 
Buzzing o'er the vale." — Saxe 



Another railway line which crosses the State enters Ver- 
mont from Montreal at Highgate, passes southward near 
Lake Champlain as far as the Winooski, then follows up 
this river, down the White River to White River Junction, 
and down the Connecticut to Windsor. At White River 
Junction connections are made for Boston. 

A line starts from Swanton and crosses the northern 
part of the State to Lunenburg, thence is continued by 



Routes of Travel 37 

another line across New Hampshire to Portland, Maine. 
At Newport a road from Montreal and one from Quebec 
meet and form a line which follows up the Barton River, 
down the Passumpsic to the Connecticut, thence down the 
Connecticut to various points in Massachusetts. At Wells 
River, White River Junction and at Bellows Falls, connec- 
tions are made for Boston. 




Gordon's Landing on Lake Champlain, 
Grand Isle County 

A direct line from Montreal to Portland crosses the 
northeastern corner of Vermont through Island Pond, and 
another line enters Vermont at Canaan, follows down the 
Connecticut, partly in New Hampshire, as far as Guildhall, 
and then crosses New Hampshire for Portland. 

From Rutland a line runs westward and leaves the State 
at Fair Haven. At Castleton a branch of this road runs 
southward, follows close to the boundary line between Ver- 
mont and New York, and leaves the State at West Rupert. 

There are various short lines that serve as connecting links 
between important stations on main lines, as follows: Rich- 
ford and St. Albans, St. Albans and Alburg, Burlington and 
Essex Junction, Essex Junction and Cambridge Junction, 
Montpeller and Wells River, Leicester Junction and Ticon- 
deroga, N. Y. 

Also there are various spurs from main lines, namely, — 
from North Bennington to Bennington, Manchester to 



38 Geography of Vermont 

Dorset, New Haven Junction to Bristol, Montpelier to 
Barre, Montpelier to WilHamstovvn, Concord to East 
Haven, Bethel to Rochester, White River Junction to Wood- 
stock, Brattleboro to South Londonderrv, and from Hoosac 
Tunnel, Mass., to Stratton. 

Montpelier is not located on a main line, but is near one 
and has connection with all trains, Bennington has a rail- 
way outlet westward, as well as northward via North Ben- 
nington. 




Mountain road building, Danby 

There are four steam roads for the transportation of freight, 
mostly stone and marble, rather than for travel, the one con- 
necting the marble quarries of Pittsford, Proctor, Rutland 
and West Rutland, the one connecting the granite quarries 
of Barre town and vicinity with lines at the city of Barre, 
the one connecting the quarries of Woodbury with the 
main line at Hardwick, and the Bethel Granite railway. 

The first electric road in Vermont was opened in Bur- 
lington, September 5, 1893, supplanting the first horse-car 
line in the State. Since then all the other cities of the 



Routes of Travel 39 

State, except Vergennes, have introduced electric lines. 
Also electric lines have been put in as follows: Montpelier 
to Barre, Waterbury to Stowe, St. Albans to Swanton and 
St. Albans Bay, Burlington to Essex Junction, Rutland to 
Fair Haven and Lake Bomoseen, Bennington to North Ben- 




Lake Bomoseen, Rutland County 
" That eye before which stands Nature's art revealed " 

nington and Williamstown, Mass., Brattleboro to West 
Brattleboro, Bellows Falls to Saxtons River, and Springfield 
to Charlestown, N. H. Various other lines are already pro- 
jected. 

In igo6 there were in Vermont 1060 miles of steam rail- 
way, and over lOO miles of electric road, operated by ten 
different companies. 

An effort is being made for the construction of permanent 
roadbeds along the common highways and, to encourage 
such improvements, a law was enacted in 1892 levying a 
tax annually for this purpose. The Legislature of 1906 
greatly aided the cause of good roads by making a generous 
appropriation and by providing for their construction under 
experts in road making. 



QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT AND MAP 
RAILROAD JOURNEYS 



Take the shortest route by rail unless some other is men- 
tioned. 

Name the important towns one will pass through in going by 
rail : 

From Alburg to Bennington; to Brattleboro; to St. Johnsbury; to 
Newport. 

From Newport to St. Albans; to Brattleboro. 

From Woodstock to Rutland via Burlington; via Bellows 
Falls. 

From South Londonderry to Fair Haven. 

From Montpelier to Highgate Springs; to Newport; to Brattle- 
boro; to Bennington. 

From the station nearest your home to Swanton ; to Bennington; 
to Ludlow; to Brattleboro; to Morrisville. 

Draw a railroad map of Vermont. 

Name the railroad junctions in \'ermont. 

Compare this map with the map of mountains and rivers. 

Name the lakes or ponds and rivers near which one will pass in 
taking each of the journeys named above. 




H U S E fj^T S 



42 



Geography of Vermont 




Lake St. Catherine, Rutland County 




Silver Lake, Barnard 



Climate 



43 



CHAPTER VI 

Climate 




ERMONT is near the middle of the North 
Temperate Zone and is in the region of west- 
erly winds. The temperature, amount of 
moisture and the winds are favorable to the 
health of the people and to the productiveness 
of the soil. The mean annual temperature for 

the different parts of the State varies from forty degrees 

to forty-seven degrees; the highest temperature varies from 

ninety to one hundred degrees ; 

and the lowest from thirty to 

forty-five degrees below zero. 
The average annual rainfall 

is from thirty inches in the 

portion of the State having the 

least rainfall to forty-fiye 

Inches in the portion having 

the greatest amount of rain. 

In the valleys the direction 

and force of the winds are 

greatly modified by the ad- 
jacent mountains and hills ; 

however, rain and snow storms 

come mostly from the west and U. S. weather signals, established 1870; 
11 J J J • forecast of weather published every day; 

are usually preceded and, m ^ ^ . , ^ , . 

•' '^ ' hrst official records sent out from station 

the beginning, accompanied by at Burlington. March so, 1906. 

south winds. Northeasterly 

and southeasterly storms sometimes occur, but they are not 

frequent. West, northwest and north winds indicate fair 

weather. 




44 



Geography of Vermont 



Snow usually appears in October, but it does not come 
to remain until December, and, in the northern part of the 
State, generally stays until April. There is less snow near 
Lake Champlain and in the southwestern portion of the 
State than in other parts, and the spring opens earlier in 
these sections and in the lower portion of the Connecticut 
Valley than it does in other sections of the State. On 
account of the salubrity of its climate, the purity of its air 
and the freshness and beauty of its scenery, Vermont not 
only is becoming a summer resort, but is attracting per- 
manent residents from the cities of other States. 



^ 



\ 




A Green Mountain stock farm in winter 

" The old brown farmhouse seems to sleep, 

So calm its rest is and so deep." — Dorr 



Soil and Products 



45 



CHAPTER VII 

Soil and Products 




HE SOIL of Vermont is very fertile, especially 
along the river valleys. The low, rolling hills 
are excellent for tillage purposes, the uplands 
are used for pasturage, and the mountain sides 
produce much valuable timber. 

The total acreage of the State, in land, is 
5,846,400, of which 4,724,440 acres are divided among 
33,104 farms, comprising 2,126,624 acres of improved land, 
about one-third of which is tillage. In proportion of farm 
acreage to the total land area Vermont is the sixth State, 
and in value per capita of agricultural products it is 
exceeded only by eleven States. 

The chief product of Vermont is the grass of the pastures 
and hay-fields, which is converted into milk, butter, cheese 
and meat for market. Vermont produces more butter and 
cheese in proportion to population than any other State, and 
is about the tenth State in the amount of these products. 
In 1902, the amount of butter and cheese produced in 
creameries and factories was respectively 25,000,000 and 
3,900,000 pounds. In addition, about 5,000,000 pounds of 
butter were made on the farms; about 400,000 pounds of 
casein, a by-product of creameries, was manufactured ; and 
the condensed milk factories used about one-tenth as 
much milk, or 5,000,000 pounds, as went' into the 
manufacture of cheese. 

From 1890 to 1900 the number of butter, cheese and 
condensed milk factories more than doubled in Vermont ; in 
the latter year there were 180 butter-making plants, 61 



(4) 



46 



Geography of Vermont 



cheese factories, and 14 cream and condensed milk estab- 
lishments, more than half of the total number in all New 
England. Vermont also surpasses the other New England 
States in the production of butter and cheese; in amount 
of hay, wheat, corn, and barley raised ; and in number of 
farm-kept cattle and swine. 

The other chief products of the field are oats, potatoes, 
corn, barley, buckwheat, rye, wheat, beans, peas, and vege- 
tables. The following data from the United States Agri- 
cultural Report for the year 1902 will be found serviceable 
for future comparisons : 

Tui' AvER.AGE Production hkr Acre and Value per 
Bushel for the United States and for Vermont 







bushels per acre 








Oats 


Potatoes 1 Corn 


Barley 


u. 

Vt. 


s 


45 
40 


96 
94 


26.8 
21.8 


29 
29.7 






VALUE PER BUSHEL 




u. 

Vt. 


s 


$0.30,'„ $0.47,',, 
.43 .58 


$0.40v'„ 
.68 


$0.45,'-'„ 
.61 


number of bushels 


Vt. 




3,111,200 


2^550,502 1,258,252 


384,734 






BUSHELS PER ACRE 






Buckwheat Rye | Wheat 


Hay 


u. 

Vt. 


s 


18.] 17 14.5 
25 16.9 18.8 


1.5 tons per acre 
1.27 tons per acre 


value per bushel 


u. 

Vt. 


s 


$0.59,«, 
.56 


$0.50,",, ^ $0.63 
.70 ! 1.09 


$9.06 per ton 
9.65 per ton 


number of bushels 


Vt. 




258,900 


32,837 1 32,430 


1,177,135 tons 



Soil and Products 47 

In all sections of Vermont small wild fruits grow abun- 
dantly, while larger fruits are cultivated to some extent on 
every farm. Apples are extensively cultivated, and those of 
Grand Isle County bring a high market price on account 
of their superior quality. 

Cattle, horses, sheep, swine, and poultry are extensively 
raised both for market and for home use. In 1902, Ver- 
mont had 86,517 horses; 273,876 sheep, about four-sevenths 
of which are kept for their wool; 88,624 swine; 282,546 
milch cows; 225,893 other cattle. From these figures it 
will be noticed that the number of horses and swine are 
about equal, and likewise the number of sheep and milch 
cows.. 

Next in value to the hay and forage crop of the State 
is the forest product. The chief timber product is spruce, 
although other kinds, such as hemlock, pine, fir, maple, 
oak, chestnut, birch, beech, ash, elm, cedar and cherry, are also 
cut for market. There are now no large tracts of virgin 
forest on account of the extensive lumber business that has 
been carried on to meet the demands of the trade. How- 
ever, there has been no denudation of the mountain sides 
for the reason that only marketable timber has been taken. 
The areas cut over have been left to briars, bushes, and 
to the sturdy new growth that invariably springs up, the 
conditions for the growth of which will be greatly facili- 
tated by wise forestry laws. 

The first record of maple sugar-making by white men 
in the State was in Bennington in 1763. Since then the 
making of maple sugar has become a general industry in 
Vermont, and the amount produced is greater than that of 
any other state and is nearly one-third of the whole amount 
produced in the United States. By improved apparatus 
the quality has been greatly increased within a few years; 
but in 1898 a variety of caterpillar invaded the sugar 



48 



Geography of Vermont 



orchards, seriously injuring the maple trees in many sec- 
tions of the State, and, in consequence, the amount of 
supar produced was somewhat curtailed for a few years. 




Maple sugar grove; gatlieriiig sap late in the season 



Large wild animals, except deer, are not numerous in 
Vermont. Bears are found in the mountainous portions 
of the State, foxes are widely distributed, porcupines are 
somewhat numerous, other destructive animals are rarely 
found. Laws exist for the protection of deer, which are 
rapidly becoming plentiful, and of various small animals 
of valuable fur. Other wild animals of the State are the 
bat, mole, mouse, muskrat, raccoon, rat, squirrel, weasel 
and woodchuck. 

V^ermont abounds in birds in summer time, and it is 
estimated that more than three hundred varieties of land 
and water birds visit the State annually. However, some 
of these, such as the wild geese and mallards, are mere 



Soil and Products 



49 



migrants; while others, like the chicadee, nuthatch, wood- 
pecker, English sparrow, owl and ruffed grouse, are per- 
manent residents. Crows and jays frequently, and some- 
times robins, spend the winter here ; but the great multi- 
tude are merely summer visitors, the robin, bluebird and 
swallow leading the procession of the land birds, while 
the duck and loon are among the first arrivals of the 
water-fowl. Game, song, insectivorous and other harm- 
less birds are protected by law, but such consideration is 
not accorded blackbirds, crows, English sparrows, hawks, 
jays, owls and a few others. 

Many of the lakes, ponds and streams of Vermont are 
well supplied with fish, and successful efforts are being 
made to re-stock those waters that have become destitute. 
Edible fish are protected by laws regulating the time and 
manner of fishing. The kind of fish common in the lakes and 
ponds are bass, muscallonge, minnow, perch, pickerel, pike, 
pout and lake trout; while those of the streams are bass, 
dace, pickerel, shiner, sucker and brook trout. 




Lake Dunmore, Rutland County 




fiv 



tSw' 



MAP OF 

VERMONT 

ROCKS AND 
QUARRIES 



EXPLANATIONS 

Rock areas are surrounded by 
dotted lines. The name or 
abbreviation of the name of the 
vwosOK rock is written within the area. 
Only the most important areas 
are indicated on the map. 



ABBREVIATIONS 
C for copper and copperas 
G " granite 
I " iron 
K " kaolin 
L " lime 
M " marble 

bt " ste^ine and soapstone 
V A " vei de-antique, or serpen- 
tine 



ScJiie or Mil- ta 

m H U S £r T T s 




Metals and Minerals 51 



CHAPTER VIII 

Metals and Minerals 

OLD is widely distributed in the State and 
has been worked along the middle portion 
of the White River in Stockbridge and 
Bethel, on branches of the Black and 
Quechee Rivers in Plymouth, on a branch 
of the Black River in Bridgewater, and 
on a branch of the Deerfield River in Readsboro ; but 
gold working has never to any great extent been found 
profitable in Vermont. Gold is generally found in the 
sand of streams ; but was mined in Bridgewater and Reads- 
boro. ' 

Copper and gold are the only metals that have been 
mined in Vermont, but in extent of mining operations 
copper far exceeds gold. As early as 1793 ore was mined 
in Strafford for the manufacture of copperas; about thirty 
years later it began to be mined for copper only, and for 
this purpose mines have been worked intermittently ever 
since, and sometimes extensively. 

Copper is found in several localities in Vermont, but 
not pure like that of the Lake Superior region. For a 
time it was somewhat mined in Corinth ; extensively so 
for several years in Strafford, and at Copperfield in Ver- 
shire ; and a mine was recently worked a little in the 
town of Berkshire; but all operations are for the present 
discontinued, except in Strafford. 

Before 1800 iron was manufactured from ore found 
in Bennington, Tinmouth and Chittenden. Iron was dis- 
covered in Brandon in 18 10; a forge was at once set and 
the manufacture of bar iron begun. Deposits of iron ore 
were subsequently discovered in Wallingford, Plymouth, 



52 Geography of Vermont 

Monktoii and Tn)). Altlioui^h the ore produced was of 
excellfiir tiuality, still on account of the small amount pro- 
duced the business was not profitable, and iron-working 
has practically been discontinued since 1880. 

In rlu- same localities in which iron ore is found there 
are also found, and frequently associated with it, kaolin, 
clays, ochres and manganese. 

Asbestos is found in considerable quantities in Eden and 
Lowell, some in Duxbury, Westfield and Troy; but it has 
not been mined to any extent except on Belvidere Moun- 
tain in Eden. 

Lead is found in small quantities in several localities, 
especially in the towns of Brandon, Bridgewater, Chitten- 
den, Norwich and Thetford ; but in no place has it been 
profitably mined. 

Talc, of which soapstone is a compact form, is found 
In Stockbridge and Moretown. Soapstone for stoves, 
furnace-linings and the like, is found in many places in 
the State and has been worked for a long time in the 
valley of Saxtons River at Cambridgeport in Grafton, 
near the Black River at Perkinsville in Weathersfield, 
and in Chester. It is also worked in Ludlow and Athens. 

Rock suitable for scythe stones is quarried in Browning- 
ton and manufactured for that purpose at Evansville in 
the same town. 

Clay of good brick-making quality is widely distributed 
throughout the State, but brick-making has never been an 
extensive business. The making of cement blocks for build- 
ing purposes is rapidly becoming an important industry in 
the State. 

Bun.Dixc AND Ornamental Stone 

The prevailing rock throughout Vermont is crystalline 
and metamorphic ; that of the main range of the Green 
Mountains is gneissoid; granite is found extensively on the 



Metals and Minerals 



53 






^i»- 










, ,» .^■B.TTO^ 



^ 



*^' ^-\ 



Lo)i|)ci mills and mines, Copperfield, in town ol V cisliiie 







Soap-stone quarry, Athens 



54 Gkoc.rafhy of Vermont 

eastern side of the State, and limestone abounds on 
the western side. By the decomposition of rock, the abund- 
ance and fertility of the soil is maintained. The rocks of 
the Green Mountains in the southern half of their length 
and the granitic rocks have less lime, are harder, and hence 
change more slowly. 

Marble. — The rock products of Vermont are excelled 
only by those of Pennsylvania. In the marbles of the 
finer qualities, such as are used for monuments and orna- 
mental work, Vermont supplies five-sixths of the entire 
amount produced in the United States, and in variety and 
beauty of color as well as the purity of its white product 
it is unsurpassed in the world. 




Marble blocks and quarry at West Rutland 

Ever since the first quarry was opened in 1785, the 
marble business has been carried on uninterruptedly, and 
it has so increased that Vermont leads the world in capital 
invested, men employed and value of output. 

Marble of many varieties and of excellent quality is 
found in the Southwest and Champlain valleys from 
Equinox Mountain to Canada line. Extensive quarries 
are worked on Eolus Mountain in Dorset, beside the Cas- 
tleton River at West Rutland, in the Otter Creek Valley 



Metals and Minerals 



55 




Marble Mills at Proctor 



in Rutland, Proctor, Pittsford, Brandon and in a few- 
other towns. A kind of variegated marble is produced in 
Swanton near the Missisquoi River; a black marble is quar- 
ried on Isle La Motte ; and a serpentine marble, called 
verde antique, is quarried at Roxbury. The largest quar- 
ries are at Proctor and West Rutland. 




Interior Marble Mill, Center Rutland 



Metals and Minerals 



57 



Granite. — The granite areas of Vermont are not con- 
centrated like those of marble or well defined like those 
of slate. But in various forms granite is found on the 
eastern side of the main mountain range from Derby to 
Dummerston, 




Ascutney Mountain and Windsor village, from Cornish hills 
" Beneath my feet the village lay 
As calmly as a child asleep, 
While, like stern guards, the mountains round 
Seemed o'er its rest close watch to keep." — Dorr 



No State produces granite of such fine quality or of so 
large quantity for building and monumental work as Ver- 
mont. No red granite is found in the State, but all the 
shades from the white Bethel to the dark green syenite of 
Windsor are found. No business in the State has had 



58 



Geography of Vermont 




Interior granite shed, Barre 




Hartlwii'k ur;illll 



iif (il ilif largest in iIr- 



Metals and Minerals 



59 



such a phenomenal growth as the granite industry since 
1890, and Barre is probably the largest granite center in 
the world. 

Granite is quarried on Black Mountain in Dummerston, 
on Ascutney Mountain in Windsor, on Blue Mountain in 
Ryegate, and on Kirby Mountain in Kirby. It is also 
quarried on a branch of Wells River in Groton and Tops- 
ham; near the White River in Bethel; on branches of the 
Winooski River in Calais, Barre, Williamstown and Ber- 
lin; on Granite Ridge in Hardwick and Woodbury, near 
the Lamoille River; on the Nulhegan River in Brunswick; 
and in Derby, near Lake Memphremagog and Canada line. 
It is also found in Marshfield, Orange, Washington, 
Chelsea, Strafford, Barton, Brighton, Morgan and several 
other towns. 




Granite team at Bethel 



Slate. — The first slate quarry opened in Vermont was 
in Guilford in 1812. Slate suitable for roofing, flooring, 
flagging and many other uses is found in three different 
parts of the State, and the amount produced by Vermont 
is excelled by no other State except Pennsylvania. One 



6o Geography of Vermont 

of these sections is west of the Taconic Mountains, begin- 
ning nearly at the north end of that range and extending 
south as far as Equinox Mountain. In this section slate 
is quarried in many places, especially near Lake Bomoseen 
and in the valleys of the Castleton, Poultney and Pawlet 
rivers, and particularly in the towns of Castleton, Fair 
Haven, Poultney, Wells and Pawlet. In this belt, which 
is not over thirty miles long and from seven to ten 
miles wide, nearly all the slate is quarried that the State 
produces. 

Another section extends from Lake Memphremagog 
southward along the valley of the Black River, crosses 
the Lamoille and the upper Winooski valleys, extends 
along the east side of the Dog River and ends just south 
of the White River. In this section slate for roofing is 
quarried in the valley of the Dog River at Northfield. 

The third section begins east of the Passumpsic and 
north of the Moose River and extends south along the 
west side of the Connecticut River to the south line of 
the State. Quarries have been opened at various points in 
this section, but none are extensively worked now. 

Stone for building purposes is abundant throughout the 
State, but quarries for this purpose are mostly on the 
western side of the State and where lime-rock exists. 
Probably the oldest quarry for building purposes is at the 
south end of Isle La Motte. Limestone has been quarried 
in several places in the State, but the burning of it is now 
confined almost entirely to Weathersfield, Highgate, 
Swanton, Leicester and Brandon. 




Type of early Steamboat 



Main Divisions 



6i 



CHAPTER IX 




Main Divisions of the State 

ERMONT contains two hundred forty-three 

towns, three of which, Averill, Ferdinand and 

Lewis, are unorganized ; six cities, Vergennes, 

Burlington, Rutland, Montpelier, Barre and 

St. Albans, chartered in the order given ; and 

five gores. 

A town is a definitely bounded territory containing a 

requisite number of people who are organized under the 

laws of the State for self-government. 

An unorganized town is a portion of territory granted 
with the condition that the inhabitants may organize as a 
town when they have become sufficiently numerous. 

A gore is a portion of territory granted without the con- 
dition that the inhabitants may organize as a town. 

A city is a town to which some special privileges with 
respect to government have been granted by the State. 

At first the towns were laid out to average six miles 
square as nearly as M-as practicable. But there were inequal- 
ities at the beginning, and many changes have been made 
so that the towns are now very unequal in area and some 
are quite irregular in shape. 

There are fourteen counties in Vermont. A county is 
a group of towns united for the convenient administration 
of justice. The town in which the county court is held 
and where the county buildings are is called a shire town. 
Bennington County has two shire towns called half shires. 
Each of the other counties has one shire town. The county 
buildings are a court house and a jail. 



(5) 



62 



Geography of Vermont 



The capital of a State is the town or city in which 
the General Assemblj- meets and makes laws. 

There are twenty probate districts in the State. Each 
of the six southern counties contains two probate districts; 




Tlan ofBridkori 

25'000 Acris — 




Wtit StvtnmUe 



Bridport, chartered October 10,1761 
(Copied from town charter records) 

each of the other counties constitutes one probate district. 
A probate district is a group of towns united for the hold- 
ing of probate courts. 

There are two congressional districts in Vermont: the 
first district contains the counties on the west side of the 
main range of the State, together with Lamoille County; 
and the second district contains the remaining counties of 
the State. 




Clarendon Springs 



Important Towns and Cities 



63 



CHAPTER X 

Important Towns and Cities 

HE FIRST settlement in Vermont was in 
Vernon, in the southeast corner of the State, 
and not later than 1690. At South Vernon 
is a railroad junction, 

Brattleboro, by the Connecticut River in 
the southeastern part of the State, is dis- 
tinguished principall}' for the manufacture of pianos 
and organs. It also contains an asylum for the 
insane. Fort Dummer, of importance in the early 
history of Vermont, was beside the Connecticut 
River near the present village of Brattleboro. 





Springfield 



Westrriinster, beside the Connecticut River and just 
below Bellows Falls, was once the shire town of Cumber- 
land County. It was here that Vermont was declared to 
be an independent State. 



64 



GpoGRAi'in- OF Vhrmoxt 



IJi'llows Falls, in the town of Rockingham, is an im- 
portant railroad center and has an immense water power. 
It is extensively engaged in the manufacture of paper and 
of farm machinery. Saxtons River, ahout four miles from 
Bellows Falls and in the same town, is the seat of Vermont 
Academ}'. These towns are on the Connecticut. 

Springfield is one of the most thriving and important 
manufacturing towns in the State, and is located on the 
Black and Connecticut rivers. 

Windsor contains the Vermont State Prison and a 
United States Court House, and has some manufacturing 
interests. It was here that the first constitution of Ver- 
mont was framed, July, 1777, and the first legislature elected 
under that constitution met and organized, March, 1778. 

Hartford lies on the Quechee, White and Connecticut 
rivers, and contains four thriving villages, of which the 




W'hite River Junction 

most widely known is White River Junction, an important 
railroad center. Hartford is distinguished for the great 
variety of its industries. 

Wilder, by Olcott Falls in the Connecticut, is of recent 
importance. 



Important Towns and Cities 



65 



Bradford is an excellent town, has some manufactures, 
is located on Waits River and near the Connecticut. 

Newbury is distinguished for its early settlement (1762), 
its fine meadows and the charming location of its village. 
Here was formerly located Newbury Seminary, a Metho- 
dist institution of more than local fame, which w*as re- 
moved to Montpelier in 1868, and is now known as 
Montpelier Seminar}^ Wells River, in the northeast corner 
of the town, is a busy village at the junction of several 
railroads. 

Ryegate has excellent granite in Blue Mountain and 
extensive granite works at South Ryegate on Wells River. 

St. Johns- 
bury, the shire 
town of Cal- 
edonia Coun- 
ty, is a rail- 
road center 
and is widely 
known for the 
manufacture 
of the Fair- 
banks Scales, 
which are 
standard 
t h r oughout 
the United 
States and are 
sent to all 
parts of the 
world. St. 
Johnsbury 
Academy is 
one of the 
foremost 
schools In the state 




The Fairbanks Company Scale Works, 
St. Johnsbury 



66 



Geography of Vermont 



At Lyndonville arc the offices and shops of the Passumpsic 
Division of the Boston and Maine Railroad, Lyndon Insti- 
tute is located at Lyndon Center. 








St. Johnsbiirj' Academy 



In Concord, a thriving town on the Connecticut and ]\Ioose 
rivers, was the first Normal School in the United States, 
incorporated in 1823. 

Guildhall, on the Connecticut River, the shire town of 
Essex County, settled in 1764, is the most northerly town 
in Vermont that was occupied by white people during the 
Revolutionarv War. 



Important Towns and Cities 



67 



Island Pond, on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence division 
of the Grand Trunk Railroad, is the half-way place between 
Portland and Montreal. It has the repair shops of the 
division and is a prominent customs port. 

Barton is a progressive town on the Barton River; 
Barton Landing is a thriving village in the same town. 

At Derby is Derby Academy, a well-known institution ; 
West Derby is a growing village on the Clyde River and 
near Lake Memphremagog. 




Brigham Academy, Bakersfield 

Newport, on Lake Memphremagog, is the shire town of 
Orleans County. It has excellent railroad facilities, is an 
important port of entry, and a favorite summer resort. 

North Troy, Richford and Enosburg Falls are thriv- 
ing places on the Missisquoi River; the first two are nearly 
on Canada line. 

At Bakersfield is Brigham Academy, a well-endowed and 
excellent institution. 



68 



Geography of Vermont 



Swanton, on the Missisquoi River, has excellent water 
power, is at the junction of several railroads, and has 
marble quarries and manufactories of marble. There 
are extensive lime kilns in the south part of the town, 
Swanton is a port of entr_v. 

Highgate has abundant water power at Highgate Falls. 
Highgate Springs is a popular summer resort. 

North Hero is the shire town of Grand Isle County. 

St. Albans City, char- 
tered in 1896 and set off from 
the town of St. Albans, is 
the shire of Franklin County. 
It contains the railroad offices 
and shops of the Central Ver- 
mont. It is one of the most 
important points in New 
England for the distribution of 
grain, has one of the 
largest creameries in the world 
and is in the heart of one of the 
richest dairy regions in New England. St. Albans has a 
variety of manufactures, including a factory for making con- 
densed cream and milk and a garment factory which makes 
khaki uniforms for the United States troops. A United 
States custom house is located here. 

Fairfax, a prosperous town on the Lamoille River, has 
an excellent water power, and contains the Bellows Free 
Academ}'. 

Essex Junction is an important railroad center and has 
manufactories of brick and paper. 

Richmond is a butter market and has large canning and 
milk condensing industries. 

Winooski is a large manufacturing village on the 
lower falls of the Winooski River and in the town of 





^ 


Lo" 




?. j' 


^ 


i.^ 





^ 1 








^ \ 




Cr 




c \ 


I 


D 


i- 


~T3 


1 


;3 


6 


^ / 






to 




ra 







St. Albans, chartered August 17, 1763 
(Copied from town charter records. ) 



Colchester. 



Important Towns and Cities 



69 




Burlin-ton Bay from Battery Park; Shelburne Point in distance 



The Citv of Burlington, the shire of Chittenden County, 
is the chief port on Lake Champlain. It has a large trade, 
both wholesale and retail, is an important manufacturing 
town, and was formerly one of the chief lumber marts of 
the country. It contains the University of Vermont, the 
Marv Fletcher Hospital, a Home for Destitute Children, 




Falls at Brandon on Neshobe River 



70 



Geography of Vermont 




\'ennoiU Industrial School, Vergennes 




The old U. S. Arsenal building at Vergennes, built in 1828, from 

which arms were removed South before the Civil War ; now 

occupied by the Vermont Industrial School 



Important Towns and Cities 



71 



and other educational and charitable institutions ; also a 
Customs House and a United States Court House. Bur- 
lington was incorporated as a city in 1854. In popula- 
tion it is the largest place in Vermont. 

Vergennes, a city incorporated in 1788, is situated eight 
miles from Lake Champlain and at the lower falls of the 
Otter Creek, which is navigable to this place. It has 
abundant water power for manufacturing, but only a part 




Federal Park and Main Street, Rutland, 1840 

of it is used for this purpose. The State Industrial School 
is located here. 

Bristol, on the New Haven River, is a manufacturing 
town and the terminus of the Bristol Railroad. 

Middlebury. is the shire town of Addison County and 
the seat of Middlebury College. It has valuable marble 
quarries, a good water power and some manufactures, and 
is the chief sheep market in Vermont. 

At Leicester Junction are manufactories of paint and 
of lime. 

Brandon is a thriving town with marble quarries, and 
with beds of ochre and kaolin that are worked with profit. 

Pittsford has marble quarries and some iron ore ; the State 
Tuberculosis Hospital, the gift of Senator Redfield Proctor, 
is located here. 



72 



Geography of Vermont 



I 



Proctor is extensively engaged in marble working and is il 
practically the center of the marble industry of the world. 
Here is a waterfall of 122 feet, one of the highest in the 
State, which furnishes power for the industry. 

The City of Rutland, the shire of Rutland County, .is 
an important manufacturing place and the chief railroad 
center of the State. It is also the center of the marble 
trade and is sometimes called the Marble City. The Howe 
Scale Works is the most important single industry, but 




Tlie Howe Scale Company Works, Rutland 

there are various other important manufactories. A United 
States Court House is located here and also the Vermont 
House of Correction, a State penal institution. 

There is a town of Rutland and one of West Rutland. 
These, with Proctor and the City of Rutland, were for- 
merly the town of Rutland. 

West Rutland, on a branch of Otter Creek, is famous 
for its marble. 

Wallingford has a long-established and prosperous fork 
and hoe factory. 

Benson, by Lake Champlain, has black slate. 



Important Towns and Cities 



73 



Poultney, on the Poultney River, produces roofing and 
other slate and is the seat of the Troy Conference 
Academy. 

Fair Haven, on the Castleton River, which here fur- 
nishes abundant water power, is the leading slate-producing 
town in the State. 

Castleton, on the same river, has slate quarries and is 
the seat of a State Normal School. It is an attractive 
summer resort. 




Slate quarry at Poultney 



East Dorset has marble quarries. At Dorset important 
conventions were held in 1776. 

A'lanchester, a half shire town of Bennington County 
and seat of Burr and Burton Seminary, is a fashionable 
summer resort. 

Shaftsbury has a manufactory of carpenters' squares. 

Bennington, a half shire town of Bennington County, 
is a summer resort and a manufacturing town. It has 



74 



Geography of Vermont 



beds of kaolin from which pottery is made, and of ochre 
from which paints and paper liUing are manufactured. 
Bennington is the oldest town on the west side of the 
State and contains a monument in memory of the battle 
which was fought near by in 1777. In this town is the 
Vermont Soldiers' Home. 




Burr and Burton Seminary, Manchester, incorporated in k>_'V; one 
of thc' oldest institutions in the State 



Pownal is in the southwest corner of the State, on the 
Hoosac River. It has two manufacturing villages. 

Readsboro, on the Deerfield River, has pulp mills and 
manufactories of lumber. 

Wilmington, on the same river, is a thriving town, and 
of considerable importance in manufacture. 

Ncwfane, on the West River, is the shire town of Wind- 
ham County. 

South Londonderry, on the same river, is the terminus of 
a railroad from Brattleboro. 

Chester, on the Williams River, has quarries and manu- 
factories. 



Important Towns and Cities 75 



Ludlow, on the Black River, has large manufacturing 
interests. 

Woodstock, the shire town of Windsor County and the 
largest and most prosperous town in the Quechee Valley, is 




Main street of Manchester 

at the terminus of a railroad from White River Junction 
and is a prominent summer resort. 

South Royalton, on the White River, is the railroad 
center for several towns and is engaged somewhat m the 
manufacture of shoes. 

Bethel, on the same river, has a well-endowed public 
school ; it has leather manufactories and large granite indus- 
tries. 

Randolph, on the same river, is the most populous and 
wealthiest town in Orange County and its principal village 
is the center of a large trade. At Randolph Center is a 
State Normal School. 

Chelsea is the shire town of Orange County. 



76 



Geography of Vhrmont 



Northficld, on the Dog River, has slate quarries from 
which roofing slate is manufactured and has a few other 
industries, but granite working has become of chief im- 
portance. Norwich University, the State Military College, 
is located here. 

At Waterbury is located the State Asylum for the 
insane. 




kaiulolpli 



At Johnson, on the Lamoille River, is located a State 
Normal School. 

Hyde Park, on the same river, is the shire town of 
Lamoille County, and has one of the largest hide industries 
in the world. 

Morristown, on the same river, is well located, has large 
agricultural interests, and is the most important town in 
Lamoille Count\. Its principal village, Morrisville, has 
several manufacturing enterprises. 



Important Towns and Cities 



77 



Hardwick, on the same river, has extensive granite quar- 
ries and a rapidly growing business in working granite. 

The City of Barre, chartered in 1894 ^"d set off from 
the town of Barre, on a branch of the Winooski River, 




Norwich University, Northfield ; incorporated November 6, 1834 

has the largest granite business in the State and the city 
has had a rapid growth in population. It has two rail- 
roads and an electric line from Montpelier, and is the 
seat of Goddard Seminary. 

The City of Montpelier is the capital of the State and 
the shire of Washington County. It has a United States 
Court House, a State Arsenal and a fine public library 







Goddard Seminary, Barre 



(6) 



78 



Geography of Vermont 




Birds-eye view of Montpelier 
"The lofty mountains veiled in mist, 
Purple and rose and amethyst, 

Looked tenderly, yet proudly, down 

On silent vale and steepled town." — Dorr 




iniii [)cnt-r >triiiiiiar\ ; iiudiporaieii in iSv*^ 



Important Towns and Cities 79 



building. The head offices of the National Life Insur- 
ance Company and of the Vermont Mutual and the Union 
Mutual Fire Insurance Companies are located here. It 
also is the location of Montpelier Seminary. Montpelier 
has a large business in trade, in the manufacture of 
machinery and in the working and the sale of granite. 




Willoughby Lake 

Of the summer resorts not already mentioned, the fol- 
lowing may be named,— Bread Loaf in Ripton, Hyde 
Manor in Sudbury, and Middletown Springs. The lakes 
most patronized are Bomoseen, St. Catherine, Dun- 
more, Willoughby, Caspian, Morey and Champlain. 
The larger of the islands of Lake Champlain 
are connected with the main land and with each other by 
bridges and furnish as fine drives as can be found in the 
United States. In addition to the places enumerated, it 
may be said that almost every town in the State is visited 
by pleasure-seeking tourists. 



Towns, Cities and Gores in Vermont 



Addison County 

1 Ferrisbiirg 

2 Monkion 

3 Starksboro 

4 City Vergennes 

5 Panton 

6 Walthatn 

7 Addison 

8 New Haven 

9 Bristol 

10 Lincoln 

11 Granville 

12 Ripton 

13 Middlebury 

14 Weybrid^e 

15 Bridport 

16 Shoreharn 

17 Cornwall 

18 Salisbury 

19 Hancock 

20 Goshen 

21 Leicester 

22 Whiting: 

23 Orwell 

Benoinilon Counly 

1 Rupert 

2 Dorset 

3 Peru 

4 LandgTove 

5 Winhall 

6 Manchester 

7 Sandsrate 

8 Arlington , 

9 Sunderland 

10 Glastenbury 

11 Shaftsbury 

12 Beanin«rton 

13 Woodford 

14 S->arsburg 

15 Readsboro 

16 Stamford 

17 Pownal 

Caledonia County 

1 Ryegate 

2 Groton 

3 Peachaui 

4 Barnet 

5 Waterford 

6 St. Johnsbury 

7 Danville 

8 Walden 

9 Hardwick 

10 Stannard 

11 Whcelock 

12 Lyndon 

13 KIrby 

14 Burke 

15 Sutton 

16 Sheffield 

17 Newark 

Chillenden County 

1 Milton 

2 Westford 

3 Underbill 

4 Jericho 

5 Essex 

6 Cf'lchester 

7 City Burlington 

8 So. Burlington 

9 Williston 

10 Shelburne 

11 St. George 

12 Richmond 



13 Bolton 
H Huntington 
15 Hmesburgh 
10 Charlotte 
A Buel and Avery' 
Gore 

Essex Counly 

1 Concord 

2 Victory 

3 Lunenburg 

4 Guildhall 

5 Granby 

6 East Haven 

7 Brighton 

8 Ferdinand 

9 Maidstone 

10 Brunswick 

11 Bioomfleld 

12 Lewis 

13 Averill 

14 Lemington 

15 Canaan 

16 Norton 

A Avery's Gore 
B Warren's Gore 
C Warner's Grant 

Franklin County 

1 High sate 

2 Franklin 

3 Berkshire 

4 Richford 

5 Montgomery 

6 Enosburg 

7 Sheldon 

8 Swanton 

„ I St. Albans 
"(CitvSt. Albans 

10 Fairfield 

11 Hakersfield 

12 Fletcher 

13 Fairfax 

14 Georgia 

A Avery's Gore 

Grand Isle County 

1 Alburg 

2 Isle LaMottf- 

3 North Hero 

4 Grand Isle 

5 South Hero 

Lamoille Couoly 

1 Stowe 

2 Elmore 

3 Morristown 

4 Cambridee 

5 Waterville 
»> Jolmson 

7 Hyde Park 

8 Wolcott 

9 Eden 

10 Belvidere 

Oranse County 

1 Thetford 

2 Stratford 

3 Tunbridge 

4 Randolpii 

5 Braintrce 

6 Brookfield 

7 Chelsea 

8 Verstiire 

9 West Fairlee 



10 Fairlee 

11 Bradford 

12 Corinth 

13 Washington 

14 Williamstown 

15 Orange 

16 Topsham 

17 Newbury 

Orleans Counly 

1 Greensboro 

2 Craftsburv 

3 Lowell 

4 Albany 

5 Glover 

6 Barton 

7 Irasburg 

8 Coventry 

9 Brownington, 

10 Westniore 

11 Charlestown 

12 Morgan 

13 Holland 

14 Derby 

15 Newport 

16 Troy 

17 West field 

18 Jay 

Rutland County 

1 Sudbury 

2 Brandon 

3 Benson 

4 Hubbardton 

5 Piitsford 

6 Chitteiidoo 

7 Pittsfield 

8 Sherburne 

9 Mendon 
,« ) Rutland 
^ ) City Rutland 

11 Proctor 

12 West Rutland 

13 Castleton 

14 Fair Haven 

15 West Haven 

16 Poult ney 

17 Ira 

18 Clarendon 

19 Shrewsbury 

20 Mount Holly 

21 Wall ingf Old 

22 Tin mouth 

23 Middlf town 

24 Wells 

25 Pawlet 

26 Danby 

27 Mount Tabor 

Washinslon Counly 

1 Roxbury 

2 Warren 

3 Favston 

4 Wailsfleld 

5 Northfield 
P ( Barre 

I City Barre 

7 Berlin 

8 Moretown 

9 Dux bury 

10 Waterbury 

11 Middlesex , 

12 City Montpelier 

13 East Montpelier 

14 Plainlield 

15 Marsh field 



16 Calais 

17 Worcester 

18 Woodbury 

19 Cabot 

Wlndbam County 

1 Vernon 

2 Guilford 

3 Halifax 

4 Whitingham 

5 Wilmington 

6 Marlboro 

7 Brattleboro 

8 Dummerston 

9 New fane 

10 Dover 

11 Somerset 

12 Stratton 

13 Wardsboro 
11 Brookline 

15 I'litney 

16 Westminster 

17 Athens 

18 Towishend 

19 Jamaica 

20 Londonderry 

21 vviudham 

22 Grafton 

"iA Rockingham 

Windsor County 

1 Sprmglield 

2 Cho.ster 

3 Andover' 

4 We'^ton 
;i Ludlow 

»> Cavendi.sli 
7 Baltimore 

5 Weathorslield 
!t Windsor 

1(1 West Windsor 

11 ReaTding 

12 Plymouth 

l.'{ Bridge water 
l-l Woodstock 
!."> Hariland 

16 Hartlord 

17 Pomfret 

18 Barnard 

19 Stockbridge 

20 Rochester 

21 Bethel 

22 Royal ton 
2:^ Sharon 
24 Norwich 

Probate Districts 

A Marlboro 
B WcstminsKir 
C Windsor 
D Hartford 
E Bradford 
F Randolph 
G >ew Hiiven 
H Addison 

I Fair Haven 

J Rutland 
K MancheSiter 
L Bennington 

Each of the other 
Pru oate Districts is 
ail entire county, 
aiid is known by 
the name of the 
counly. 



84 



Geography of Vermont 



npiiiijiimf.h-' p p. 







■ E£UL 


JLi 


X. 


■ PP 1 






■-.,-.::^ 


T^^::^/ .-,'-.' ■":■ '- 




Woodstock Public School Building 




Brattleboro High and Graded School; incorporated in 1832 



Important Towns and Cities 



85 




Bennington High and Graded Schoo 




F;iirha\-en Hliih and (.;radeil School 



8b 



CjEOGR.\I'M\ of \'hR.M(JNT 




University of Vermont, Bjrlington; incorporated November 3, 1797 




Middlebury College from Science Hall, Painter Hall at right, 
Library in distance; incorporated November i, i8oo 



Education 



87 



CHAPTER XI 

Education 

REE PUBLIC SCHOOLS of an elementarv 
character are maintained in every town in 
the State, and in nearly all villages of 
sufficient school population to require a 
graded school there are also high schools. 
Children of sufficient attainments and resi- 
dent in towns unprovided with high schools or academies 





Three Vermont Normal Schools : Johnson^Randolph — Castleton ; 
incorporated in 1866 

may be furnished advantages in those of other towns and 
have their tuition paid by the towns of which they are 
residents. 



88 



Geography of Vermont 



Tlu" Legislature of 1906 gave a great impetus to the 
educational work of the State by providing for professional 
supervision of the schools; by establishing a permanent school 
fund consisting of the U. S. Deposit Money, the Hunting- 
ton Fund and the War Claims Fund ; and by encouraging 
centralization of schools, by means of an appropriation to- 
ward transportation of pupils. 

A ftw academies not yet mentioned are worthy of 
recognition on account of the reputation they had and 
the influence they exerted half a century ago. The prin- 
cipal ones are located in the towns of Craftsbury, 
Peacham, Thetford and Townshend. Several old- 
time academies have ceased to exist, or have become 
associated with the public school system and are known in- 
dififerently as academies or as high schools. 

There are three colleges, the University of Vermont 
and State Agricultural College at Burlington, Middlebury 
College at Middlebury, and Norwich University, the State 
Military College, at Northfield. 

By the enactment of a State-aid law in 1894, the public 
library, as an institution, received a strong impetus and has, 

accordingly, become 
an important agent 
in educational work. 
Prior to that date 
there were less than 
fifty public libraries 
in the State ; but a de- 
cade later there were 
more than one hundred 
and fifty. The estab- 
lishment of these lib- 
raries invited benefac- 
tions and, as a result, more than a score of handsome and 
substantial library buildings were erected within the 




Library at Danville 



Education 



89 



decade. The traveling library came into existence through 
an act of the Legislature of 1900, and in less than three 
years twenty-five stations were established. 

The churches, with an average Sunday attendance of 
about one-third of the population of the State, together 
with their Sunday schools, are considered important educa- 
tional agencies. 




Old building at East Pouitney, where " Northern Spectator " was 
printed, and where Horace Greeley learned the printer's trade 

For the dissemination of news and information there are 
nine daily and nearly sixty weekly papers published in the 
State, together with several monthlies. 

All of the important places of the State are supplied 
with telegraphic communication, while telephone lines 
extend to nearly every place of business in every town and 
city. 

There are over five hundred postoffices in the State, but 
rural free delivery of mail is rapidly supplanting offices of 
the fourth-class. The first rural free delivery route in 



90 



Geography of Vermont 



\ i-rmont was cstablislu-d in the town of Grand Isle and 
delivery began on December 21, i8g6. Soon thereafter this 
was followed by another route in the same town, one in 
South Hurlinj^ton and one in Tinmouth. At present there 
are over one hundred routes in each Congressional district. 




Waterbury High and Graded Schco 




Wallingford High and Graded School 



Education 



91 




Exterior of old Church at Rockingham 
Within a churchyard's sacred ground, 

Whose fading tablets tell 
Where they who built the village church 

In solemn silence dwell." — Saxe 




Interior of old Church at Rockingham 

" The villagers repair 
On each returning Sabbath morn 
Unto the House of Prayer." — Saxe 




Middletovvn Springs High and Graded School 




Wilmington High and Graded School 



Tables 



93 



GEOGRAPHICAL DATA 



Longitude 

Latitude 

Length (North and South) 

Width (Northern Boundary) 

Width (Southern Boundary) 



73 25'-7i 33 
45° 43"- 42° 44' 
approximately, i6o miles 
" 90 miles 

" 40 miles 



Area . . . approximately, 10,000 square miles 

Population (Census of 1900) . . . 343i64i 



AREAS OF THE COUNTIES OF VERMONT 

From Thompson's 
Geography 

From Thompson's and Geology of 
Vermont Vermont 

1842 18+8 

Addison 700 sq. miles 719 sq. miles 

Bennington 610 " 6l2 

Caledonia 700 " 640 

Chittenden 500 " 485 

Essex 581 " 620 " 

Franklin 600 " 549 " 

Grand Isle 82 " 77 " 

Lamoille 420 " 43i 

Orange 650 " 650 

Orleans 700 " 689 

Rutland 958 " 862 1^ 

Washington 5^3 " 57i 

Windham 780 " 782 " 

Windsor 900 " 893 



.7) 



94 



Geography of V'ermoxt 



u 


>^ 


~ 


H 


< 

r-1 


2 




U 


L_ 


U 


<; 




_ 


^ 


■J) 

y. 

> 


o 
'J) 


o 


Q 


Uh 


Q 




< 



> 

o 



a 


„ 


ID — 


o 


^. 


!C -r 


fO 


o 


OJ 


,-, 


At 


t-o 


_ 


■o 


Of 


~. 


OJ 00 ^ ao 


,^ 


1 


^ 


1^1-:^ '•'5 — X T o o u"^ -T — r> ••; _ 


OJ r? n o to o — o 


OJ 


xc;ox;='MO'M>.'5 — on t 


iC ;; — c: r^ OJ to CO 1 




^J — „ (T; , 


— _ 




o 


■z,'r. r. I (~ c^ -M o .-T {- -r 1- ri 


r c; o o - .- c- io 






o — c^t c^i o — ~: X — 1.': C5 -T 71 w X 


;i T -T (- t- vo T o 


oo 


C5 o X o lo ^; o (>J o Of (^ X '^^ r) rt 


«0 t- Of O ^- Of i.O CO 


' 


^ ^ — — OJ 


— — — 


^ 


r- «> n o — o o OJ -r X c-7 ..- i- — z-. 


^f lO -r c: Of X X >.0 




T :r {- t- -X -M c^ X .-^ ;s C. Of 1- 1- — 


t^ l~ lO -T X -T." O ■O 




X — 1.- c ^ .-^ X .-^ o r-: - c; .-^ --^ -r 


•- I- CO Of o OJ ;o T 


^ 


■ '"^ ' ' ' '^ "~ ■" 


— . ^^ ^^ 


^ 


— -^ L-^ c; X o •-;: O O -r ^ iS L-: 01 w 


(.- Of 1.0 — O c: t- o 




— f>:s;cw5c^ojrtrc.-Xw'CC-. — . 


— O Of O t- -5" CJ CO 




r> — cc c; t^ (TO t- -T o — o c .r- — --: 


w ~. Of CO lO OJ » •<T 


*" 


— .^ ^^ _,~;^_.^ 


— < ^- — 




^ 


oxi.-:i-x-rO(Xt-or;r:ci 


o CO OJ f^ o CO o OJ 






o ~ 1.* t> cc o OJ T .~: t- t- oi — — ^ 


. - 1.0 X CO X o o — 1 


oo 


o oi CO C-. t- cc £^ -^ c- o X — T .~: L- 


■o X CO T cj OJ ;c CO 1 


^' 


— — — — — OJ, „ 


"" ~ -" 




C3 


C. rt — «.- i- -J .-c C ^ O {- -O <X O n 

(- =-. — .,- (- X O rc 5 i-J — -T ;:= ' - ..- 


f- (- — o X o -r rs 




m 






oi rt rc — o T iS T 1^-: o •■; oi -^ -- <o 


1.0 o ^ T CO Of X ^ 1 


^ 




^- _ — . — 




^ 


C3 O r: 0^ L-i — i.o ir; OJ o -T O c-5 •T O t> oi iri f^ t • r: r^ O 




^»- 


oi X or ts 'o Of -r lo o o « — o o t- 


tr> T (.^ !^ -~ Xr a S 




Of -r Of — {- ;3 U-: -r » o -- ot i.^ i.o -^ 


CO C: <i Of O Of C- ;2 


*" 


^-.— . — — — 1 ^^^^__ 




o 


:3 -r — — o) L-; ot Of X C^ X X -r X i.-^ 


X C - t^ Of — . — O CO 




O t- (- ;r Of >n o I- .~: rt -^ -r «^ - o 


f- o CO -> - c: ..0 o 




re o r f ri X m -r -T -o :j -r -~: X >o w 




^~ 


„„„_„ 00 — — — 


Of — 


o 


O-^ — O — OXOfXXiOOJOOX 


OJ — — T t^ -^ T C5 




1.-: Of X C5 Of -r T t^ CO lO :i? 00 T 


T OJ X — ' — O — O 




OJ Lo o — lio Of CO T L- oi lo — ' lO t> u: 


£- X n X Of t- ;;; 


^ 


— .— • — ^-i— 1 Of-^^- — 


-~ 


a 


o o r: o c- o -T — — L-. X X X r^ - 


• r: CO ;r 1(0 T O I.o 


^" 


O Of t- ( — - X Of — o 1- CO T X T o; 


• O CO Of CO T '-0 w 




— 1- — Of -c: CO CO ;i Of — Of ;; X i.o 


• o c t^ X OJ c- Lo 


^~ 


— — —• — -^ '^' ^'~' 


• Of 


^ 


rr -r ir: CO ;d rr lO C-. Of r- co c ifo is co 


• •T l^ rs C {^ Of -T 




CO Of •- ^ O X -r Of r- :c X CO (.- o 


• -T -r 1.0 TOO 


oo 


!.- — -C — ~ ■ 1.0 Of X — CO CO 




*~" 


*— 1 t— . .—1 f— • ^— • 


•— « 


,_ 


— r: — o — ' • — vr: CO • "0 o CO X o 


. O — O — — LO o 


O) 


O -r — Of X • O 1.0 -T • C: lO Of I- o: 




r^ 


T TT Of X T ■ -^ CO 1 CO -T l^ c- OI 


■ TT C- OJ OJ " 01 


75 














































Z 














































^ 





























































































h 






















































bo : 

1- . a. 




L. 




u 
3 


c 

> 






>» p 


2^ 


r 








c 

< 


u 

o •: 

'u 'u 

03- 


3 


■J 

u 
■_ 
C. 


C - 

t/l .- 


a. 

t 
C 
c 




c 


2 


C 
C 

2 


n 
2 




c 






c 

-7 


17 
7 


> 




1= 


1. 

5 


c 



Tables 



95 






l-H O ^ ^ r^ „ 



-^ ?C Oa r-i (M ^ 



Ot-.— I— .COQOIOC-COOJ>010;CLTGO« 
-H lO (M 1—1 1—1 r^ Ol 



COCJOJ^OCOfO— "COOiC-MOOt^i— iC5 
— CO O CO «3 lO t- ^ O CO Ol C5 C' iO C- CO 

<-l -^ (M ,-1 T-H ^ 1—1 



•»1<COOC<(r^N!>(M£>^0 — ocoowco 

oDOJOiocv;cocciTiooicocicoi>ooi 

OOC' COC^lOt^-QOi-iGOWCOCO-^i.^-* 

_ CO T-( _ ^ ,-, _ 



»rtO(MCO»OOOOfOC-^Ht-OiOWJ>OJ> 

COCQOOIO-^OC-— <OC:C~MC0«CC04>00 

o-^Tf ccm»ccot-0£--^^cco-^i.':-^ 

-H CO T-C rl rH 1-1 — , 



^-C5^-cJlo>o»nml^JcocoocococO"^*i 
Oi— 'Ouoirsc^iccoOi— ico-^Tr«;oJ>ii 
cj-^io co"o-<3'OOococ5 — trjia-inco 

r-H CO -H ,-, ^ — , M 



rriCOCOi— iGO-^fMOMiOCJC^fOOOOd 
LC001O-^-^O»-Hi— iCOCOOO (MCSCiC^i— I 

CO -rr CO CO in CO 00 lo CO T-C o ■^ -^ t}< est 



CO^-^^DOC'JOICOOC' 
»OJC5£>C10CO'-'^'— ICOOO 
-<*" iC Ol P^ lO (M CO -* O 1— 1 

— ^ (M — . 1—1 1—1 7-1 "—I 



•CO 00 CO O rf 

■ C~ i> £> OJ lO 

■ C5 CO »o -^ CQ 



i>COOQOJ>!>OCJ'>*iQOO 

o-TGC-^Trcscocico-Tfc^f 

lOIMC^J 1— iCO^^^iOlOO 



■ 'in CO r^ N CO 
• Ci GO in 1-^ CO 

■ GO CO lO M 1— I 



— j^co-^'-Oi— lo^coco 
ciJ>iocooo!>r-'#«ococ~- 

O CO C5 OJ i> O £> 



• o (M -# in o 

■ C5 C- ^H IC CO 

■ Ci S^ ■^ 1— 1 



r- . ~ O) ri 



"O 



r- O 



S •- lU . ^ 



«■ tic ' 
^-a aj-a ^ii P'^-C'S 






CO -t 00 o » o » 

O CO O lO CO O lO 
!> >— ' O O -T CO C5 
"-^ '-' — '-' W (M 



!> CO -f o i> in o 

C5 C: X -f TT L- -i 

GO 1— I £- o in CO o 



t- W CO ■•* -.I c» ^ 

o in o 1-^ 7j c: CO 
00 w o o -T c: -f 

^^ r-l CVJ r-^ r— CJ 



in P'j CO 1— I C5 r- c» 

TP CO ~ r-< r- r- J> 
05 ^ C^J CO in TJ- — . 

1-^ — CJ 1-1 p^ 



^ X) -f c: c: p? in 

Ci CO -^ CO CO i> C5 

c: 1— I m o CO -?< CO 



1-^ CO t^ LO c? c; PI 
pf o i> c: o o m 
m — . Lo X -r in J> 

W — Pl r-^ r-l 



o c- CO X -r o CO 
CO c: CO c* L-t c? in 
o C5 CO ci CO m t- 
(^J Cv} „ in 



Tf CO — CO CO r-l P} 
CO CO CO CO ^ O -M 

t^ X o X cv» Tj< X 

1-1 ei ^ r-l 



X 1— c O lO !> C\} CO 

X ^ o «; CO -H C5 
.TP in CO in X CO pj 



1— I o o C5 Lo rt o 

O CO -r T CO 1— C5 
"^ -T 'M -^ £> CO O 



X X "* X O O PJ 

m o — -•T CO w Tp 
X r— m (M cvi in 



<u 



u C o t- u - 
3 TO u rt .— >» 



95 



Geograi'ii^ of V^ermoxt 



s: 

Si 



e 



o 
H 



c 

H 

<: 
c 



es 


o -^ i*: "»• o w ■" 


" -r 'C c~ 


^ 


o c; c; M " c^> n ;o o o 


o> 


o £> c: c- O c>i o I- t- o 


'" 




^ 


OM-OOC-CiOO — O 


o> 


cocsc^Lt-oro-r — r7C5 


oo 


ir:x — c-inoic-QOC^o 


^~ 


'- o 


o 


Ci — OfOMCO — LOO 




r — r-rcooi.~r^~; — c>7 


oo 


;cooaoxiMccoccx 


^ 


— ^ L~ 


e» 


fo — lo ^ 1- X o r7 C5 -M 


r^ 


C5 -^ r: — -^ '^J c^? c; £^ M 


oo 


lO — C5X:0(MOOXX 


'~ 


— -v 


^ 


t-c-xcsrsoi^ci— <w 




co-r=5r:oTrxc;i>r-5 




lO^'^OX-rCJCiO'-X 


'~ 


— ^ •^ CO 1— 1 »— » 


o 


^ r, O !> X 1-- — o •>? in 




cc r~- o Ci ".": — o « — lo 




"-r r: -o t- t- w o Ci -^ X 


"" 




o 


o :o (M — J> • X ?j X — ' 


rr 


:o'^wc>}X -is — XX 




rc-3''^JXx -ocir^x 


^ 


__ „ ^^ . ^H —1 


o 


t- — C5 O 5^J • O '^ X -- 




o lo — r? ri - o r? i" ro 




i?j CO — !> i-o • o X ^ X 


"" 




^ 


-f f -t" — -^ ■ f- o c~ o 




in Ci C5 X O • O X rf o 




-^ (M cs lo -r ■ :3 m w ci 


'^ 


— —' • " 


o 


X— 'NX-t" •COLICS-* 


^" 


X o — X rt -rcinxo 




rcxioro -T-^iMCJ 


^ 


_ — . - ^ 


^ 


XC0»OM -rroOLtX 




ooc-o -TfLoottJ 




x-^'-^s --^-^Lom 


"" 




^ 


• LO t- -CO • • CO CO CO 




• :c X --T* • --T ;o 00 




• CO ^ . „ . . 


'" 




CC 
























Z 
























^ 



































>. 












H 


























11 


rif 


Johnsb 
inard. 
on ... . 


i 






S 
U 
2 




> 


a; 


X 


n 


X 




> 


> 





oo'Twcooxco-* 

X T LO LO O — C^} c- O 

'r:o^}roc^j^jc^cox 

X -< in c^i -^ ^ — 



c-oococomco — Lo 
-J•c;-^'r^-0'^^ox 
»n Lo c>i — o oj t^ T lo 

■T -H in CVl r-i 1— I ,— ■ 



-Tfi.ow — -rcxt^^s 

C-0-f(MOCOOXO 

ocoro-^ — roxoo 

~ ^ rr W r-i ^ C^J 



— xco — cvj£^oini3 

r-rr-rcsoinxc-o 
■^ " CO <M ^ ^^ c^< 



»ncoc5-^»N(Mor5 

■^"X-^OOwOO 
OC-L0OC2t^X:SO 



<>? Lo -^ Lo N Tf If: c- »-i 

OX^^J>ln'^0X^^0ln 

o in o i.O o X X X rj< 

C^ — OJ !>» -^ — < M 



t-C^C^JCOWX'-'XCO 

'^ »— < — 1— 1 — -^ jvl 



w ;s ■^J c; -r C5 o -^ O 
m '^^ o X o o iM i.o o 

^' — '-' " " — ■ M 



o 


^ 


» c 


-^ 


« (N 


^ 


o 


o 


1-H 


(M CS 


X CO 


i"^.* 


^« 


TT< 


CO 


1— « 




o 


CO 


(.^ 


Ol f- 




■>( 


•^ 


'"' 


""^ 




'"' 


~' 



c:ocic-c-x-^inx 
-rcic^LOinco.— iX-^* 

M O :^ O Cl iM LO — LO 



oin^^c-ocoinxo 

— — C0■^(MC0O'^JX 

(MX-MCoC'OTpt-r^ 



X -rj lO r- -^i rr J> — ' (N 

xcococoLomoxx 

COCO-^CO^'-'COTJ 



O a; 4> 

. i£^ "5: 









(StSudlil^s^^ 



Tables 



97 



c- CO -- o o CO o 

^ o r- C3 "3" CO c- 

o w cs — 00 •-I 



ic o in vD — JO rr 
r— o •^ o o M o 
,-■ CO 00 -^ CO o -^ 



■>* O -^ CO C5 CO o* 

o C5 «o o CO CO 2; 
(M o CO rr '- fo 



1309 

1190 

791 


T-H in c- --^ 

-H LO CO •<9' 
r^ iM "* 


CO • 


__ c, _ 

W CO CO c- 

,— -^ N TJ< 


CO r- 

m in 


!> CO Ci 
W C: m 
— . in -T » 


in CO 
00 


. — l-H w <# 

. fivj ■«• in in 

.^ Tf CO in 



00 Tf CO o -#-o '^ — ^^cn^t'cooMr; 
SoSocoMc-rrcojnogogc^ 



f0c-oooinc5C0'-;-^c-;«92O^ 



QOc-rtiroj>iMinO'tCOMCC5gr? 

^c^oSco-(M'5<Ci'n;^»coxcoj^ 



Tfinm^oo — co^j-co^^Sr^rSS? 

SinCO'M-i-;C5CO!>X2g^, 2;g 



Sw'^'-ocr. coScoLnocoocO;-^ 

^5 5 M -^ ?^} '-' .-H m 5vi O W iM 



f^'a'cocs — co-^ -t-T-it^coc^ -co 



^C5C-OC0-fCS .inp;^OpH ;0 

— t^ in CO i.^ 'M c^ . o c^ "^J CO i-- • -" 

„ ^ ^ CO o 






— " 


^^ .— 1 — H 


CM 


• in w oo 
. CO in 

• ^0 w 




• CO m 

• W CO W T' 

• ,-1 » C^l 



in i - 

CO CO 



00 CO 



in (M CO o 

. ;0 ,— . -T CO 
w :ooo 



z 

o 
u 

a 



^ o m o CO — 
m o o !> CO 

„ ^ r_CO O 



. t- ^- CO -r o 
. C5 CO X. in CO 

-^ ^- O <M 



oj ■ -r c- to 

CO ■ (M so o 

, _; . ^ !M X 



■ Ci C O: '^ -S 

• -3< cvj CO in o 

10 r- X r-l 






^ il u 



. ^ . CO -M C~ 
.„. .-3- CO £2 



CO CO 1—1 



u O 



C £ £ ^ y - .^ 

o o I ^ -^ 2 5 
S t/D c2 00 5 & ^ 




98 



Geography of Vermont 



o 

>- 
a 

C 



O 
C 

<: 
c 



^ 


xo-rooooicoo»- 


^ ^ 


H in C5 


C3 


L~ 01 L-r c: ct -r X X •-- ■M -r — 


• :^ -r 


O) 


— .-: c: r: X t~ — Tf ct X T c^ c- '?! t- 1 




„„SV}„^ — — — — C^J-^^ 


1 :c r? 




M ^ c; I'j i~ rt 01 c: T iS '^ — 


1 . —i 


oa 


;s '^? n •M oj 3i X 1': 07 c: 15 ■ co 




— -T- '^( L-: X c- C7 iM X — r: i^ • i^J 




„^?^^^^ _,„_^jvj_t> -cc 


r. 


oooeooojxo-tX'Mxrtco -o 


CO 


-TO — wooc-:ox-r — •rjo -r- 


00 


01 10 OJ X — X -r i.t :s X ".- — 


- -o 


*" 


— — CJ — W ^„oj_„^{> ..-^ 


^ 


rtc;r-o — '•'^'^J^^o^c — t>•^ 'O 


r^ 


00!>ioc^o — Offl'MX^:.- 


• • 


ao 


•^oo~■^^xc!— wf-rfflO -x 




— — W — OJ — r-<M — ^— C- -S^J 





— ooc-j>o — ^>:o■^JXlrtc~ -x 


CO 


L-CSOXC: — X-Tt-'M^SCOmiro •£> 


00 


-*xoc;-Tc;t-L-:i.~^!c^^o -o 


*" 


_^(>},— S^J ^^t^^,^ — .-0 .jsj 


^ 


ccL'>c; — — -fooMr— f-^c- .-^ 


m 


(M lO ^ C5 X ^ X i?t f-- — • C^ 


OQ 


ic — '-t ;s X '.O • X 




— — S^JNW — — CvJC^ — — ^^CO -IM 


^ 


XXMC:X-*OOMX-?""*W -Cvj 




if^ — W — -<J" — — OCl-f— 'fCO • — 


00 


w X T -?■ — w i.'^ c; c- I- • CV3 









C~XOCiOfCC:i>XO^I>0 -x 


CO 


X <M r~ c; c>j o c^ « c^} c 


■ 10 


00 


Occ'nc-'>}r-r-xOTrt-'TirT •— < 






^ 


Ift^— NOC0£>r^C0O?7OJ>O •?> 


evj 


T}<coco'.':^-c^c^?o^rtC!■^s^Jr" 


• 


00 


C5XCic^ic-^ot^(wr^i-*oo -o | 


*~ 


^^ „ ,— ( — .- 


' ""^ 


^ 


wx-^^xo'ifO-a'r-Ofoo •r— 




— — 00 — X — ^i>c-:rrxo -o 


CO 


X c: t- r^ -^ cr: t- I- C-: w -T X • 


'" 


r-< ^^ ^- r-i •— ( . 1—1 





CMMf-:j>-HOOXr-:oi:cx — 


•X 





wc-^xooxoccco — CO •>-■? 1 


00 


(M rt ^ S> C; (M -M XT -^ c- 


• X 


*" 


*"• 






CO • -rroc-jcor^ ■ -o^ 


•Tf 


OS 


.— • •i/t!rj-^Tt"Tf>o • • — i/t 


• J> 


r>. 






*" 






CO 
































15 ■ 


























c 






^ 


























5 


>. 

























> 







h 

























u 




:r 


I/) 








-3 , 


c _^ 


^l-. 




c 


c 
a! C 






i- In -^ ^ '^ — — tc -f^ -ic: — •!; 
«^^ i£t: u" c u\ct;j: — "^ 


^ 




^_l ? 




pq 


cc 


fc 


ClH 


Ci, 


w 


Eb 


rK 


hH 


^ 


X 


a; 


03 


'TjiL 


\ 



-* — X (N r~- 

t>- 1.0 o — -^ 

-* X O £- C5 



o rci ^ o C5 
c; o Li 10 10 
CO r- ir: 10 o 



•^ Ci Tj" t- O 

•— ' -f o CO c>j 
o t- >-o o ;s 



O M C^ ^H CO 

— X c: O X 
i> ;o ^ o ir; 



CO X Tj< rr r- 

o o -o en — 

t> l^ L- LO CO 



X CO o o o 

CO o £- e-3 o 

ITS i5 Tji £- t- 



Tf TJ> lO cs •»* 
•>3< w CO — CO 
CO r- -v c- ;o 



O X CO X {> 
CO T -T CO — 

w CO CO ;3 t- 



M X IM CO C-J 

j>0 — O -r 
— X r? Lo X 



CO CO X S>? CO 

o c^} CO 10 lyi 

— CO CO o X 



o c; to Tfi 

LO X CO IT? X 
I> ITJ — CO C>( 



t/;^ 



o o o o 
^ -ITS 



i-J^x; 



<;c!.:ii^cc 



Tables 



99 



GO o oc o ri :r ^ '^ ?> S 
^ -si c- L': '^ ^ '^, — •- ■ S 



c- 00 5 cr- H 
in CO cc L'^ -s 



o> — :i '.- X 
-^ — X '-;; L- 



o o T '^' '■': '" ^ jS Lz S 

O O CO 00 — C5 cj -- -J —' 
rf c- CJ -^ t <• p ■^' '-■ '~ 



^ C- r: O S5 -C '- L-O r-l o s^» r^ oo 



— ,-/: c; r'' o CO o L': c-j c: c-^ -- 



O — c» c- -t- X 'r; — -• i." 

•^ L-^ in cc ■?-) i^ c; -r f^ ^ 
cc i5 a: ;c — '-n ^ o i": — 



O 
O 

a 
►J 



5 00 — o o •^? in ^ -f o 









^. -^ en ^' o c 
■^ o |» o '^ ^ ? ( 



2 _ f^ C: O : 



^ ':-t c. — • ■— o 

CO CI ti -f 'Ti 
CJ — • f— >— 1 I— < 



C( c- t- ■* O -T >n ^ CO Gc 






n r. o. GO 32 •- 7 tr § 5 2 o '§ 
fi ?5 S S i -n ^- o o ?- o 2 if 



I .- c( c; - o -T -. -f ^--o '- '-^ i2 1; 

! X ^ i— ^ r-i •■^' CI '— I ^' "^ ""■ 



m c? r— CI CO c; m O x c' 
GO ^ CO T CI t^ — 1.- CO c: 

1— I CO -^ t" -X O CO m -T -r 



i 


|l3 


GO 


Xi 


CO 

CO 


c'> 

CP 




CO CO 


2 


CI 


># 

GO CI 

CO Ci 



CX) CO — i> CO GO CO '-- CO liO 

C5 ?- o m i- t- c m '.- M 

" _ CI " CO f- {- cr. C( '- 



• cociinO'O-T^r:;*!: 

• coci'T'- 'OTrr'- ^ 
:?>. ,— CI — CO 




-— -— rt/^ .^ ' '^ 1 CI O "T t.* '* ?j? ;^ ^ ,^ ^. r/^ ^ rT< 



.0 • CI CO cc o ■ <o ' 
. LO . — -^ c: ■— ' ' ^~ 
• CO • 



be 



_M ^ CTj t- O ^ — '-«^ -- ■^' '•^' "^ PJ 



_ — ^ t=- * CI CO • 01 10 -M s^ fr 

g g*, S; -^-j tn S CO .GCOOQCr--f 



- ■ ^ 

rt ^ o _ 
u S .i 0) I- o 

a a E ^ S y) ^ 5 



I- ra-r 



w « ra u 5 fc* ^ o K cc h H h 



LOFC, 



1 



lOO 



Geography of Vermont 



■^s 



O 



^ 

'o 

^ 
$ 

6 



o 



> 



c 
o 




H 
'A 

O 
O 

<: 
w 
•J 

o 



CJ C5 -T" (M C>J IC l^ C5 t^ fO <rO CO 00 1-1 

oc-r-oi^cic^ooooaocitoci o 
,_ c» -^ .-.CO 


■~£^occc:-^ooocGoci-^coo 

O — Ci lO f- £^ O {^ ^ C- O -T {^ C J 

c;'Mt^oao'MC5C5C5ooc5«o»-i«rs 

i;vj ,_ ^ Ol rt 


QOTfT-^-^r-lCO'Oi— iCO'^Of'— ' 

eoo'CO'-xfi-oo — ocsio-^ 
^ooQOCMC;co.ooocso«c>oc» 


r-^^-oo-rOOJooc^'-irjcoC'j-'*' 

L-^ " O C- — CO CC C^ 0> 00 00 lO TJ< ^ 

»-' c. ci ■>} ci CO t- r-^ o 00 o ift o <© 


TO — o-^cooT'.-»^'rcoao 

iMOOCOr-i^-OTOTCOt^ — -J< 
(MO£>^^C5Tj.iCWOJ>r-i-TiaOiO 


(Mc-cooot-coint^aocrT — r^co 

•OGO^^OCOC^JOCOOCOCCl-COQO 
OCiCOOGOWiM — OOOCOO-^ 


O '^^ ?D — :o — O c: CO lO -^ 00 >— cj 

OJ Ci CO CO Ci i.t 00 — CO O t- O CO C^l 

cioo-^i'-r-.-iO^^oo^CicoT''* 


cocDC'j-rciWCsc-JTiMOOT'-" 
ooc^)^^OMoooooo5>*<»c; — CO 
«sr--^io{>oocij>Tco.-ico«<i 


CO C) uO O ">? 'C '^ C: iC O C) iM • o 

i--^ c^ CO o 00 o o -t '^> o CO o • -^ 
(M CO c^^ (?} to o o CO -^ T .,-1 



— C^ O «0 00 «0 C> J^ O CC 'T) 

OTfco»oi>coi-- »owci 
-H Tj< (M I— 1 uo r- CO o 1-1 w 



■ £> Ci -r O O • iC 
w C: CO ac ■ -^ 




>» 3 



tc o 

^ o • c ^ 
ra w tf J- <i^ >^ 



•Q -u 



bo 






Tables 



lOI 



CC C^ i» o 

^^ :2 Tj- o 
,— ^ 50 cc 
CO — 



l> CO fO lO 

-T" r- ^ o 

O O O CO 

00 —1 



O «^J CO O 
(M OJ C5 00 

■^ in o -^ 

M r-1 



O lO •— ' M 
lO i.O r>J ^ 
O CO !> rr 



C~ CO CO Tfi 
Ci 't ■— ' Ol 
T-i W O CO 



CO X' ^t C^J 

Tf O O lO 
{> O O "-I 



^ '^ O -f 
c: lo t^ M 
lO CO CO ^H 



■^ GO CO OJ 

CO o in CO 

oi o CO 









l>1 1- 


lO • 




1^- 


C^J • 




C! OJ ; 1 


co 


^ 


_ . 


<MCO TT • 1 




C^( 


■"^ 


O 




o ■ 


lO 




^ 









2- 

(V) O 



5 O tfl tfl 
4; ti 0) w 



^ioabc^r--ocsooioC5^S5C5COco5Docoo=;o20i>o 

QOl>OOOS5C5'VCOeOt-C5'^i>-<^CO'— >— '>— '-^^ci-^-^ 
Svj jVi cvj — < ,-1 CO (M — rt 



OOOOCO-*'— i?0^OO-»<«0i(0Q0i0— iCOO 

co^c;co(>^coc»OWi>QO— •co-r<:o!:~-c2"''® 

00C0C0C-OO!>'O-^»O£>0J-tC^'*!>Oi>«> 



p 
o 
o 

Q 
H 

ID 



• r-H -"^ (M in 

• m c- o CO 

• '^ Ci in -^ 



-rroinc^jinwi— iCocscscoomoin'MO -o -oiCiMS^ 
oooocioo^coc-NWOOCiincO'-H •-* •"'iA^^ 
X^itoot— '>'*^^!in-^«oooco-^oicoc— -i— > •■rpc^inio 

— ^COW"— .1— (1— iM r-i 1—1 1— i(M-(M' 1— t 



-f'— 'Coc^?coo50oocoMi>>n — inc^it-o 

'^rC^-^OC-'— OOi— iT-i!>COOOOOWCO 

Mmwco — cow^-^ co-c- in CO in -^ -—I 00 

— coco 1— 1 r-^ W -^ -^ SVJ N 



' iM in — c; 

• CO ^ O 00 



cOC~<MCOOC5X«OiMCOS^'('MCOOCOC5CC 

inj><n«oco.— •r^os^cO'— is^incocscot— 
(MOco£>'MTfco;s-^oc-incoin^oow 

r-iCO!^J r-l^^,— . ^H t-( T— I'M 



• in m CD o 

■ W l> o w 

■ in — I «c CO 



I'^inomoin'M— '0-*infoocowoC5 
c5co — r^r-cooooO!>coo'+--5JC2 
c^oooo^fincic^-^inGOincoccmoco 

— >C^}COr-H,-l ,-lr-.MlM 



:2 :?S 



•CO • r-. 



00 -^ C~" 

CO o; »-< 
in c^ i> c- 



co'^OTfC50coo50in£-cocoooinc--o 
ocvco'*'*i>co^co"<tiininc.j'-t< — Mco 
^,_,t^;^mcococ-"*moco(MJ>coc5co 

^^OJi-H r-ii— !-■ — — ■ — ' — 






■ 00 00 CO --J 

■ 05 1—1 05 00 

■ rf (M t- C- 



co CO CO o in 'TJ m in cj c^} C5 CO O m in in ^ 
05-^00 — oococ~«^co'::;'-;'-coOQO 
'^C5i>coincocooO'«9'^rc:co(MOinocr5 

I— (r-11— IT—Cl— 1 1— (1— (CJ— < 



■CO ■ CO cs w o> 

• in • in 00 — ^t* 

. i> • -* iM CO o 

. (M • r-l .-» 



^in.-oo<M!:--^ooo;50!>jijncocoin 
oooi'^oj-^O'— ir-ot-como?inin<— 'in 
Tr'?f<inint-cof-ooTr.-iO — cir-^cioi 



' "^ O C5 o 

■ in -^ O CO 

■ i-H — 00 o 



^-inocot^oiC"<*'Ci<— 'C^-iMCicooocoin 
Jn CO ^ 5 c^ c- » r^ •« --^ 5^* "^ s^' S; =^ =^ ~ 



(-5c=<=ir-c:t--^^-cooscococooo-rco-r -in 
55Ji«?}§ao^-*i.-cococoincocor-.c5 -(m 
r^ o o CO t- '■f -^t CO ^ oco"0^to • j-j 



CO OtP ^ 

■ r- c: in o 
• — c: c- o 



• o 00 — CO 

• c: -+ (>J c- 

c- in cs 



cr^t^OC;QOcOin'*'M"^C5 'inQOCiO---; 

coccoo — '^c^'corrco CO •.-•'* co--^ 



• c^} CO 00 in 

• CO 00 in CO 

CO c^} OS 



c^ o 



01 ^ 



I C -w i: t, _ t- n 



C ^ 



■ c • 

; fe >> 

. o .-t; 
•ho ^ 






., , ii 'r ™ tfl 'rri 3 t^ "I' — O '^ n3 •- •- O I- 3 3 ^ X 3 — 



I02 



Geography of Vermont 






Si 



m 

H 
O 

Hi 

> 



2 

O 

H 

< 

CL 
O 



t- O iQ '-^ 



o 


m~ 


IN O 


a» 


CO <M 


— 30 


eo 


t> o ■* o 


^ 


*" 


CO 



CO lo w 

-r » 35 
00 o •* 



o -r {- • 


«> wo • 

-t -^ CO • 

t- CO lO • 


GO -rco • 
00 o -^ • 

CO 00 t- ■ 


COOr>< . 
O "T t^ • 
(© t- {> . 



O O t 
■T OO C^J 

I'oo c- 



o 

h 



O CO -T 
t> QO 00 

in 05 CO 



CO O C5 

00 -f c- 
co o CO 



C* 00 Q 

^ {> ?5 

O 05 '»• 



CO c»> to 

CO S^J Tf 

»c CO »n 



> .u 

TO Q^ 4^ 4J 



H 

O 

o 

o 

t— I 
CO 



OOCO'-CO — 00 — COOlfOCOMLOCOWOtO 

-^ -r M ■^> o <- to "-o ro TO CO © lo — — ■CO i?j 
-r c? o — — (.- O T o X ?> ft X' I- t- t~ 30 



X CO — — r- r- — 



■ M -f -f <N •M ^? r? — C5 o 'M X lo X 1.0 CO 
• — > r— v^ X — ic ro ■rj X » LO r> -^ ?c -^ CO 

■ CO — • — "— — T ?J 



•ooojco-Toxwi-OQepaxx — 
•cox-Tinxt'-coox — *w?»rocoifi 
■ ocOiMc^ixoico — ort — xt-rics— . 



. M „ ^ „ 



^^ ^- ro *-• c^) 



• W'rcic:fOO-i-c>> — r:roo;ocoxx 

• X t- {^ O c; CO c <- f- ■^> :o — ?> — T o 
•X'TC^fOOX — coo — OiM-rt-OClO 



:^! 



i ic X c; o 

t ■— o o 

• X ir: r? -r o 



XOO'T — oow 
'^> o CO ic ■— ' — c>i (M 

cox — 'M'^'^rox 

— ^ „ ^1 „ rr 



Q lit — 

i8S. 



■ lO t- CO O iC 

■ -T O lO — T 

• X 'O CO -r 00 



r^ — r o> lO O ic c^i x 

-r X o « — r* o! O 

-fCO— COCOCtOiX 

— — 1 —< i^j — 6j 



r- — w 



• CO X O O O 

c>> o; -f t^ (M 

' — lO -T O 00 

lv> „ „ ^, 



■ lO O -C: lO X CO o 

• CO lo t^ ?* c^J — X 

. O — <M C- — O X 

_ „ CO — 07 



T X r? 
X -r -r 

t- O Oi 



o) -r -f c; -M 



• X ^^ CO lO CO c^> •r 

• iC {- iC X O — { - 

• -^ c-j ^- o X 'T- X 

— — OJ — 



t- C: C- 



• UO 10) 'M — ' O 

• ic lo CO — • -^ 

■C5 't O '- -^ 



• CO o CO X CO o o 

■ i.O — ■?» O c: 05 CO 

■ C> J> C- CO l.O CO CO 



in c; CO 



■ C3 t- CO '— CD 

' CO ^ X -r *> 
CO o X X « 



~ {- O -M -r :0 -r r» 

' X T rr lio io :0 '^» 



• Ci-roroco •X'^)'^}o — -T--ctrox 
•■— OD-r-ro • — t-coc:r:oi.o — t^io 
'C5coco-r-^ • — C'JX — ■?)c^> — -r 



H, 



— « 0) r- . O -U 



c 

.t: o 
oh 






Tables 



103 



o r> o 

"X "K o 



r>i O <n 

c: — s^J 
lyy CO c- 



f~- :;> W 

c; ".o o 

CJ X' CO 



00 Ci -f 

c; ci CO 

— C5 o 



w o ■?> 
icc^ o 

CC O f- 



oj '^» t— 

C^ C-. X 
^ O '.O 



5 u aj 

-° n "^ 
U -D (U 
QJ-Z U 

*i o •- 
rt o o 



O — ' re O Tf "TJ "M 



Z 

o 
u 

Q 
Z 



CM » in CO 'N O '^-' C.i 



tj — « .'J w 2: '-•< •-■ sc :^ ^ ^ r^ S t= f~ ^t f^ « 05 -r •>> i*^ 
■— 5>-i'ftix»c-ocoa>i"C50oo 



^^ , ^ , ^ ,^ — » ,^ ^ — , ,— ^> L-^ i^ "^ lO '^ CO c 

ift Sv! c^? -r o c- O JJ -r O I . - ' L; =^ ^, jj5 ;2 O I© Oi ^ £, 

waDr^»n*cocoi>OOTroo^ t^vcc'^.i. ^ 






M C5 ^j CO c~ o o ®l 
^ -^ O ST. o CO £; ;t fo « 
I- re o » c- re 'M ^ »i^| 



iiiis|Hiiii5li"ssiiii|S, 






CO 



— ,,0!>^?0-*>-l>0>— iQC^lCO 

■ JO c>} 00 >ft w '^J ^i * £r ^ 



.5^uv^--^-_> — — ^^ 



<'^ 00^.^1 nab ^i^^^t- 










; ,^ rS ^ S; i-? ^ o iS C5 » -- w "n 51 -r CI ao 



'4^1^ : § :!: r» § -c jc o o i-e c5 - -M o -r ^ o « o Tft 






^ P r^ . 

^ .5 "S) ^ r^ 




I04 



GEOGRAl'hn OF \^l'RMONT 



ID 

C 

o 

o 
Q 



z 

o 

f- 
z 

o 

> 



z 

o 

H 

•< 
•-) 

o 



r 


r) 


le 


O 


„ 


r> 


r! 


1- 


?- 


3 


e> 


-~ 


— 


(^ — 


^ 


1- 


Ci 


r> 


r) 


-. 


.^ 


— ~ 


f^ 


II 








" x ;;; c; rt t- r rt c: " :c i^ -^ -■. - i^ - x o (.- i-n - ■'■ 






*" 






cc — xx — Moo^tx-rif^i-rit-rtr- — -r-r-rooio 


03 


'-^ r^ic^x-tcitsOi.to-Ti^rzrcxcsc^ot^-TTf. 


OO 


'?• C5T"— .t-t-^:t-^ct>oot>!^l-^c~xx^oo^.-:cx)l-':: 




"""""■"• ""'^ "" (M -. '^ 


c^ 




— — — rt — ;d — -r X ■." — 1"; c; r? •>! X ^j -r — -r t^ o |'^ 


l~ 




■o c- cr. =^ X £- o 1- -. o {- !- .-: .- ;-.- — — r>! .- x r; i- — 


OO 


'- — ^ O ■>> c: c: 1- o -r o — c; rt ■- o — — .~: c: o — X 








x.-cxc-.-rt'Moot-csi.'t— .•M-rr:rcr-ric- — xr;o 




cc X o — . -r (M >.t 00 — ->? re X irt 1 r o -^ rt o u-i .-: o o ^ 


OO 


u-t woo — xo-rj>x;s'>»i^>o-roor;s^>L-:c5!>:i3C5 




<—— <-^^'>>'Ml— — — . — — 1 — — r-r^I^J — ,-, ,-,5M 




o:sr — t-MCic^ox xc;■^Jo~{^ri-HX-rl.-^'^J1<r:c^l 


CO 


r^ — X o C5 o •>! c: -r o .-: .': {- .- o rt — ■- c^ o r? ■>> ;2 :c 


OO 






^^„„cv, ^, , ^^-^, :^„^i„^ „r: 




lo-rc-o^ts^c. cec. xsoo'-rtoos^it^ — 0(MGO.-i 




w ivj -r ce — . {> O «r: o — {^ r? -r £^ r: 1.': -r o •>? ir: ic o c^» -<*« 




o — !oi>fCL-to.-o^O!ML~ rx«vj{-rcxooc50 








X L-r -r CO M f> ir; -r — rt X t- -r .~: :c o — i i-: c: ■>? •>} • -*• i.~ 




c- m t^ X :s rj O r: -r ;s — — c- ;= C-. — {- '^( .-^ O r? ■ — — . 




CO — i-xr:-rrt — ^:^t'^!-r^>?t^7c;^?oo-TO -t-ro 




^„„„i>jc^5., „^,„^„„„„-v, ^„^ •I^^■^J 




i~Ci — C- — XO-rrTt-:c^t^i-c:rjr:csC5r?r-:'M --r-f 


CO 


j>t^X:o — CiiM-roc^J — ce^cOCJCi'^-rr: — i^ ■ n ^ 


<:sr-iXocO'r?ooir:w.-^'rjXT}'rcx^«>-"^«^C5 •— o 




— 1-, — 1-1 W (M Cvj — W — . , ^ ^ 1-1 CM 1-1 M -^CJO 




O-r — xi-'i — ccoc^-rir;fMi-:rcxo— 'J^T — o -coo 




ooci — c^J'-o — LtTX — reo-r — "OOOC5 -i--^ — 




o CM o rt — '--: -t- o i-i — r: — -^ 1= — X -f c- 05 rt X • c » 








j> f^ X — ir: L-: o — ^J c- r? -r rt 1- — ( re c^ ^ "^ '-'' ^ • ?>w 




.c O -r -T i^i C5 o ro it i^ " ~ =^ " '* S '2 g '- <^2 • iu '^ 




ci S ffl o — w ce X rt X X X -^ ..-: c: t- re o !> — o • c^ «p 




— — — i-.5vJr-(M — . 








c^j-rore — — "X-rooot^ 


:c O -* — oc c^J w "T r- • ^H ^j 


^ 


svj i> re — X -M i- c: := — X c: O !M -M O •■-: re re ;t; — • — re 


OO 


O — tMOt^csxtOf-rrr — — LeLC — Ottc; •JJ't: 








• i.ererere — — xcMCsxoof'-i-excjt^OiD • •<m>£ 




• c-t-r-c:c5XXi-ec->.'eo — T — -rocjOT • -fO 


l>. 


.■^}0'*t•c^TCiCio-"^^^-^>J>^M^>■'--^'~''~' ■ •'-eo 


^ 




CC 
















































^ 
















































^ 
















































o 

H 


■> 
c 

< 


4. 
u 
C 


^ 






■J 


U 

c. 
c 


i 


;. 






p 

S 


cuac 


(/■ 

►3, 

c 


c 
c 

r. 

c 


c 
c 
u 


1 


4, 

O 

_ C 

'■r 


4- 

If 

u 
rt 

4. 


C 
"(A 

5 


o 

-a 
c 

•'- u 

«J — 


c 
c 

"/ 

c 

G 





Tables 



105 



::5 






^ 







05 
r-i 







On 





s 


-(-' 




T— 1 


a; 


o> 


p 


•—1 


^ 



U 5 



H 


i."^ 


Z 


:^ 


tD 







<o 


u 










■s- 






H 


Z 


In 


o 




^ 


^ 


W 
> 


TV 






^ 




S 


Z 







^ 


l-H 




H 




^ 


•^ 


:d 


ii '^ 


(i. 











-^ 




n ^ 




*>s 




.::) 




N 




CN ^1 




N.^5j 




N •>2 




? S 




<:> P 









M '1 r- 


-■Ooxojcico-rcif-O"^ 


I ,_ 


CD 


— cc "O c: -sr 'X — (M :2 'M 


1 '^ 


^ 


c:^>fo;^o^-^|^J070!^J:o-^(^? 







— — -^ C5 GO -rr w N -r Ci 


co" 




dOJlMfO CO -^r-OlTTCCI^lCC 


CO 




t- 'X :i — cc -— 1 ic -H c- i^ 


M 


C3 
OS 


£^ — r cc >X — ic -T CO ?^ C". -r 


iM 


c-j -r -r cc £^ X X ^ CO {> 


TT 


00 


oj CO 10 ci CO w c; c^r cT — ' 


M 


^ 


O! (>J iM CO C^J " .— W -r C^J (>> CO 


CO 
CO 




C0OJ>C^? — lOf-'TlOCOCS-^COO 





CO 


£> tc c; CO c.} o^ X «^j X cv} -J ci 


X 


-^C5;Ci>0<M>— 'OlOOX-r£> — 


(M 


00 


•^ ^ CO (M l-~ TJ- M CO -•>? — LC >c 


W 


'" 


ojc^jcvjco CO r-ic^MTrc^Ji^ico 


CO 

CO 




■^OiCO^- — WXOl'^^^OOCO 


,_ 



r^ 


X(MCOX— iOXtt-OCOIONCOO 


10 


Ttcoc^Tj-oo'Mo^oooiooo 


»n 


00 


CO — (WOCOOTfWCO — OCOOO 





*" 


C^JOJSQCO CO — iWC^JtTWCVCO 


CO 

CO 




o;cx — — — LO — fflcv^wco 


X 




-— C0C5C^XC0£^— llOX-T(^!XC5 


C5 


CO 


OTCS— ^^•<^JC^}f0^CiC5OC5 — 





CO 


-*C5— Xir5f--^(M«XIC!>C£C- 


irt 


*" 


CI-hMW S^ — (M— CO(N?*CO 


CO 




CVCliOCSOttiOCvJOC-OTT^O 








'g-xocoiox-^c^cjoicuooc^} 


O} 


lOLOicoomi— iXMf^ocooco 




CO 


OXCOCO'^X-^OC^ICCO-TOX 


'^ 


^" 


C^J T— ( CVJ Cvj W 1— 1 M 1— 1 CO S^J O} CO 


CO 




CO cv} — j> ;o — CO 10 CO -r C5 --o i^j --c 


X 





XJ>C5i>(>}C0X!>C-C0C:O'J"L't 


T 


lOXXOWlOX-rXCCSDLO-TCO 





CO 


coo— 'O-^-rCOOt-COOCCt-O 


,_ 


"" 


(Mr-cWC^J (M r-N — COC^MtP 


C5 




oot^o^^c^-oioin ciLCcoxco 


M 




CO 


-rr-oc:xt-cicoxxc5X-ro? 


10 


Ci-*0-^CJC5»OOJXS^!CO?>0 


CO 


00 


-^ j> — coo'co X r- Or- c; X 





'^ 


(Mr— 03CJ W CJ— CO — S>J-^ 


X 




CilOOSLO-fOt-CO'Tl'-.CiC- J>CO 







CM 


c^j « CO X M » c: {■- — LO CO 


« 


TT- OC5C0XICO— COOOTM 


C5 


00 


oi;o-^irtco-^co-*-rmo-coxx 


»c 


' 


Cq ^ ^ „ ^ „ 1^' C^J — C^3 CO 


CO 




CO c^j ^ :c c- T— LO — -rf iM r- 'M t- 


IC' 


^ 


OC:0-*X — '^'MiM — XX;Ci-- 


c: 


oxooo-^-^or^iOTCOox 


X 


00 


CiLo-TrTrC0T^co■^ — -^ciotc-)- 


i> 


^~ 


^^^^ „ OJ M WCO 


C5 




i>j>«;— o^x — x-tcoo3 — -f 


m 





^-r-coioc-cocniCr— Lo — ^x-r 





■^;D»oiOTj'ic^Tpr^cooxcoicCi 


■^ 








coTfc-o — ;o(M — «£ — coLocoo 


■* 


^" 


^- ^H ^^ (M iM M 


in 




ci-rt-xt^-Mic-^-^Tricciccx 


c; 




■"^Lo-*- ?o?^iccocococ£C;c:'* 


Ci 


O) 


■^ o3 C2 LO' -"a" ^- L': CO ic t- c- 


•^ 








jcNS^co — r— i> ic r^io 


lO 


*" 


,_ r~ -^ T-^ 


X 


W 




























W 




























>— ( 




























h 



























u 


c 






c 

rr 




: 

rt ^ — 


t- 



rt 


h 




< 




rt 






03 U 


c 


I-; 


I- 

c 




K^ 


^ 


& 








-O X! 



ig 


E 


1 ■ 





r 


u 











c 


(U 


9; 


'U 


> 


S 










•»-• 


r/l 




rt 

5 






c 

3 


c 









u 




3 


r 





<u 




> 









■ji 




_^ 


c 


3 




jj 


.4-1 




ci 


S2 


3 





a 


& 





OJ 




u 


0) 


OJ 




x; 


■4-( 










I/) 





3 


c 


c 





<u 







3 


.4J 


J3 


r/3 


•p 






<4- 


x: 







H 




(U 












n 


iri 




'O 


CO 

X 


<u 


<u 


^^ 


rrt 




c 


-o 


*. 




u 





^3 


<u 


t- 




n 


"^ 


■- 


"^ 


c 


rt 


rt 


1 





re 
•n 


h 


a 


S 



105 



Cii:()CR.\i'H^" OK \'i:r.M().\t 




'&P%. 



'■/x.t.V.t CH>MPI.«I N Mir- /»l</. tA^Uflt 
■i.^>.,H/r,/l'yl/. .yi^^.y'Mtm HkUftUimt 

,..>. .,u,„/,./ AfU', .'//./, r/nm YOKM 
...../.^M'.y.t, ^^^~t^^/,^/,^, 

^■jf.^jCX,.., /^ .<«.r ^tValUc.Rnnp 
J/iitir^j ^/!^4tj'^ ^yr-Z/fi^ Moorr.Dnnmorr 



New Hampshire and New York Grants; Portion of a Chorographical 

Map engraved and printed at New Haven., Conn., copied 

from Documentary Histoiy Vol. IV, 1851 



IVIosT Populous Towxs 107 



MOST POPULOUS VERMONT TOWNS 
AT EACH CENSUS 

In 1791. — Guilford, 2,432; Bennington, 2,377; Shaftsbury, 

i>999; Putney, 1,848; Pownal, 1,74b. 
In 1800. — Guilford, 2,256; Bennington, 2,243; Windsor, 

2,211; Woodstock, 2,132; Rutland, 2,125. 
In 1810. — Windsor, 2,757; Woodstock, 2,672; Springfield, 

2,556;. Bennington, 2,524; Rutland, 2,379. 
In 1820. — Windsor, 2,956; Springfield, 2,702; Woodstock, 

2,610; Hartland, 2,553; Middlebury, 2,535. 
In 1830. — Middlebury, 3,468; Bennington, 3,419; Burling- 
ton, 3,226; Windsor, 3,134; Woodstock, 3,044. 
In 1840. — Burlington, 4,271; Montpelier, 3,725; Benning- 
ton, 3,429; Woodstock, 3,315; Aliddlebury, 3,161. 

(See note.) 
In 1850. — Burlington, 7,585; Bennington, 3,923; Brattle- 

boro, 3,816; Rutland, 3,715; St. Albans, 3,567. 
In i860. — Burlington, 7,713; Rutland, 7,577; Bennington, 

4,389; Northfield, 4,329; Brattleboro, 3,855. 
In 1870. — Burlington, 14,387; Rutland, 9,834; St. Albans, 

7,014; Bennington, 5,760; Brattleboro, 4,933. 
In 1880. — Rutland, 12,149; Burlington, 11,365; St. Albans, 

7,193; Bennington, 6,333 ; Brattleboro, 5,880. 
In 1890. — Burlington, 14,590; Rutlandf, 11,760; St. 

Albans, 7,771; Brattleboro, 6,862; Barre, 6,812. 
In 1900.* — Burlington, 18,640; Rutland, 11,499; Barre, 

8,488; Bennington, 8,033; St. Johnsbury, 7,010. 



Note. — To and including 1850 the numbers are taken from 
Thompson's Vermont, Part II., pp. 209, 210. For the remainder of 
the table the numbers have been taken from the United States Cen- 
sus Reports. 

tin 1886 the town of Rutland was divided and West Rutland 
and Proctor were set off; in 1893 the city ot Rutland was organized 
from territory comprised in the town of Rutland; and again in 1894 
a portion of the real estate in the City of Rutland was set off to the 
town of Rutland. 

*St. Albans had been divided into city and town by special act of 
the Legislature of 1896, which gave St. Johnsbury, by 1900 census, 
fifth place. 



io8 GiiocRAiMi's- OK \'i:rmoxt 



COMPARATIVE POPULATION, 1 791— 1900 

In 1791. — Population, 85,499. 

In 1800. — Population, 154,465. Gain for the State, 68,966. 

Number of towns that lost, 10. 
In 1 8 10. — Population, 217,895. Gain for the State, 63,430. 

Number of towns that lost, 13. 
In 1820. — Population, 235,966. Gain for the State, 18,071. 

Number of towns that lost, 63. 
In 1830. — Population, 280,652. Gain for the State, 44,686. 

Number of towns that lost, 44. 

In 1840. — Population, 291,948. Gain for the State, 1 1,296. 

Number of towns that lost, 97. 
In 1850. — Population, 314,120. Gain for the State, 22,172. 

Number of towns that lost, 94. 
In i860. — Population, 315,098. Gain for the State, 978. 

Number of towns that lost, 136. 
In 1870. — Population, 330,551. Gain for the State, 15,453. 

Number of towns that lost, 144. 
In 1880. — Population, 332,286. Gain for the State, 1,735. 

Number of towns that lost, 135. 
In 1890. — Population, 332,422. Gain for the State, 136. 

Number of towns that lost, i8b. 
In 1900. — Population, 343,641. Gain for the State, 11,219. 

Number of towns that lost, 163. 



NOTE. — The aggregate population for the State at the several 
censuses has been taken from the Census Reports. The numbers 
used in the comparison of towns to and including 1840 are found in 
Thompson's Vermont, Part II., pp. 209, 210; and for the later 
periods in the U. S. Census Reports. 



Heights of Mountains 



109 



HEIGHTS OF VERMONT MOUNTAINS 

{Taken from the Geology of Vermont, A. Guyot and others) 



West of Main Range 

Feet. 

Buck 1,035 

Grandview .... 1,310 

Herrick 2,692 

Mount Eolus ..3,148 
Mount Equinox. 3,872 
Mount Anthony. 2,505 



Main Range 

Jay 

Sterling 

Mansfield Chin. 
Camel's Hump.. 

Lincoln 

Pico 

Killington 

Shrewsbury .... 

Bromley 

Stratton 

Haystack 



Feet. 
4,018 
3,700 
4,389 
4,088 
4,078 

3,954 
4,221 

3,845 
3,260 

3,839 
3,462 



East of Main Range 

Feet. 
Monadnock . . . .3,025 

Westniore 3, 400 

Mount Pisgah. .3,800 

Burke 3, 500 

Blue 2,200 

Mount Ascutney 3,320 



{Reported from the office of the U. S. Coast Sur-vey) 



Killington 4,241 

Mansfield, Nose 4,071 

Lincoln 4,024 

Jay 3,861 



Mount Equinox 3,847 

Haystack 3,465 

Grandview • . 1,322 

Black 1,269 



The elevation of Lake Champlain is given in the U. S. Coast 
Survey Report as 97 feet; by A. Guyot and others as 90 feet. 



AREA OF VERMONT LAKES AND PONDS 

{From report of the State Fish Comjnissioners for igoo-2) 



Tributary to the Connecticut River 

Acres 

Fairlee Lake 1,500 

.Morey Lake 1,300 

Groton Pond 1,800 

Joe's Pond 1,000 

Maidstone Lake 1,000 

Tributary to Lake Champlain 

Caspian Lake 1,200 

Franklin Pond 1,800 

Fairfield Pond 1,500 

Lake Dunmore 3,000 

Lake Bomoseen 15,000 

Lake St. Catherine 2,000 



Tribjtary to the St. Francis River 
(ji) Thtough the Coaticook River 

Acres 

Great Averill Pond 1,200 

Little Averill Pond r,ooo 

iB) Through Lake Mentphremagas 

Willoughby Lake 5, 500 

May Pond 1,000 

Crystal Lake 1,400 

Island Pond 1,500 

Seymour Lake 5,000 

Salem Pond 1,000 

Great Hosmer Pond 1,000 



(8) 



no 



Geography of Vermont 



DATES OF INCORPORATION OF THE 
COUNTIES OF VERMONT 



Bennington . 


1778 


Frankh'n 


1792 


Windham 


1778 


Caledonia 


1792 


Rutland 


1781 


Essex . 


1792 


Windsor 


1781 


Orleans 


1792 


Orange 


1781 


Grand Isle . 


1802 


Addison 


1785 


W^ashington . 


1810 


Chittenden . 


1787 


Lamoille 


1835 



LIGHTHOUSES IN VERMONT 
Lake Champlain 
Alburg (Windmill Point), Isle La Motte (Blanchard's 
Point), Colchester Reef, Burlington Breakwater, Juniper 
Island (Burlington Harbor). 

Lake Memphremagog 
Newport and Whipple Point, Maxfield Point, Hero 
Island. 



FEDERAL COURT HOUSES IN VERMONT 
Windsor, Rutland, Burlington, Montpelier, Newport. 



PORTS OF EN'FRY IN VERMONT ' 

Burlington, St. Albans, Alburg (bridge), Alburg 
Springs, Windmill Point (in Alburg), Swanton, High- 
gate, Franklin, Berkshire, Richford, North Troy, Derby, 
Island Pond, Canaan, Beecher Falls (in Canaan). 



History of Vermont 







M /"A S S A C /H U S E T -r S 



HISTORY OF VERMONT 

CHAPTER I 
Explorations^ Raids^ First Settlement, War Parties 



I. First Exploration.^ 
Samuel Champlain entered the 
lake that now bears his name, 
July 4, 1609. He came from 
Quebec where he had wintered 
and had made a settlement the 
year before, and he was accom- 
panied by two Frenchmen and 





The first American 

sixty Indians of the Algon- 
quin race. The party worked 
slowly up the lake and, at 
the end of three weeks, met 
a larger band of Iroquois 
Indians near Ticonderoga. 
These they fought and de- 
feated, and then hastened back 
to Canada with booty and 
prisoners. While on this expedition Champlain saw and 
possibly explored a portion of Vermont. This was the first 
discover)' of the State by white men. 



Champlain monument at Quebec, 
unveiled Sept. 21, 1898; fifty feet liigli 



114 



History of Vermont 



2. The Indians. Fort St. Anne. — When North 
America became known to Europeans it was occupied 

by several families 
of Indian tribes. 
One of these fam- 
ilies, the Algon- 
quin, inhabited 
the chief part of 
New England and 
Canada ; another 
family, the Iro- 
quois, had its 
chief residence in 
New York. The 
valley of Lake 
Champlain was 
disputed territory 
through which war 
parties often passed. Champlain settled among the Algon- 
quins and gained their friendship. They would assist 




First fight with the Irn'iunis Indians; drawn 
by Champlain ; copied from an old plate 










^^ ^fig-j g" 







Second fight with Iroquois Indians; drawn by Champlain; 
copied from an old plate 



Explorations 



115 




him to explore Lake Champlain only on condition that he 
would assist them against their enemies, the Iroquois, in 
case they met them. Champlain and his two white com- 
panions aided the Algonquins in the battle near Ticonderoga. 
The Iroquois had never before seen white men or fire-arms, 
and the use of these strange weapons proved very des tructive 
to them. From this time the 
Iroquois were bitterly hostile to 
the French and made frequent 
raids upon them. For protec- 
tion against the Iroquois the 
French built forts along the 
Richelieu River, and one, Fort 
St. Anne, on Isle La Motte in 
Lake Champlain, in 1666. This 
was the first point occupied by 
white men in Vermont. 

Soon after their alliance with 
the French, the Algonquins be- 
gan, or renewed, a settlement _ 

near the lower falls of the Missisquoi River, now called 
Swanton Falls, which was continued with one short interrup- 
tion until the settlement of the town by the English after 
the close of the Revolutionary War. No other Indian 
settlement so permanent has been known in Vermont since 
its discovery by Champlain. 

3 Expedition against the Mohawks.— At the 
beginning of October, 1666, a force of twelve hundred 
French and one hundred Indians was encamped near l^ort 
St. Anne, on its way to chastise the Mohawks, a tribe of 
the Iroquois. They passed up Lake Champlain and Lake 
George, crossed to the Mohawk Valley and appeared 
before the Mohawk villages. These villages were sur- 
rounded by triple palisades, while within were raised plat- 
iorms for the discharge of arrows and stones against an 



Samuel 1) I Imuh I n" " i^- -t s,xt> -t,w . 
Kreiich ai^coiercr of tl.c Great Lakcb 
and Lake Champlain. He was born 
in 1567 and died in 16^5: was governor 
of New France, of which Vermont was 
once claimed as a part. 






>>?. 



F/K ST ElTG^OKMKST 




















•■*'cft*fS^^ 










Prospective view of a battle, Sept. 8, 1755. between the English and 
Mohawk Indians against the French and other Indians 

(Copied from an old engraving in the New York State Library pub- 
lished Feb. 2, 1756) 



Explorations 



117 



attacking enemy, and for water -tanks made of bark for 
protection against fire. There were also a supply of axes 
and saws of steel purchased 
from the Dutch at Albany and 
a great stock of corn and beans 
stored for winter. The cap- 
ture of these villages would 
have cost the French heavily if 
the panic-stricken Indians had 
not fled on their approach. 

After burning the villages 
with all their stores and 
taking possession of the coun- 
try in the name of the king of 
France, the army returned to 
Canada. 




Wilcox Point, Grand Isle; 
typical chazy cliffs 



4. Raid Against Schenectady. — In 1689 England 
and France were at war and the Governor General of 

Canada had been di- 
rected to attempt the 
conquest of the English 
colonies. So in Janu- 
ary of the next year a 
force of French and 
Indians, starting from 
Montreal and passing 
through Lakes Cham- 
plain and George, at- 
tacked, pillaged and burned Schenectady, N. Y. They 
killed many of the inhabitants and retired with much 
plunder and many prisoners. 




Settlers watching the burning of 
their home by Indians 



ii8 



History of Vermont 




Indian war dance before a raid 
on settlers 



5. First English Expedition. — Early in the fol- 
lowing spring the New York authorities sent Capt. 

Jacob De Warm to build 
a small fort at what is 
now Chimney Point, in 
Addison, and, about mid- 
summer, an expedition 
of English and Indians 
sailed down Lake Cham- 
plain and the Richelieu 
River to the neighbor- 
hood of Chambly. From 
this place they marched through the woods against La 
Prairie on the St. Lawrence and opposite Montreal. They 
killed a few settlers, took some prisoners, slaughtered the 
cattle and burned the houses and barns outside the fort. 
On their return the party stopped at Fort St. Anne, then 
unoccupied, and at a little stone fort, probably that at 
Chimney Point. This was the first English expedition 
through Lake Champlain. 

6. Raid Against Deerfield. — P^nglaiui and France 
were at war (known as Queen Anne's war) a;i:ain in 
1704, and in the early part of that year a party of French 
and Indians were sent 

from Montreal by way 

of Lake Champlain. 

the Winooski, White and 

Connecticut rivers against 

Deerfield, at that time 

one of the frontier towns 

in Massachusetts. The A liouse with palisades for protection 

town was protected by a ^S^'"''* ^"'^'""^ 

palisade; a watch was kept at night, but the watchmen 

retired at daybreak. The snow was drifted high against 




Explorations 



119 



the palisade and was covered with a strong crust. Soon 
after the watchmen had withdrawn, the enemy climbed 
over the palisade and distributed themselves through 
the town. At a given signal they attacked all the houses 
at once The surprise was complete. Many of the mhab- 
itants were killed, more than one hundred were taken 
prisoners, and the town was burned. The work was 
quickly done and by the time the sun was an hour high 
the journey to Canada had begun. A dreary prospect was 
before the captives as they started northward from their still 
burning homes. Among 
the captives were Rev. 
John Williams, pastor of 
Deerfield, and his fam- 
ily, consisting of his 
wife and seven children, 
a man servant and a 
maid servant, both col- 
ored. The maid servant 
and two of the children 




An Indian outbreak ; the settlers 
alarmed 



were slain at the door of the house. The rest, after 
being distributed among different groups of Indians, 
started on the journey. Mrs. Williams, who had not 
fully recovered from a recent sickness, traveled with 
difficulty and in a separate group from her husband, 
whom she met only once after they left Deerfield 
They did not expect to meet again and they comforted 
each other with the promises of the Bible and with the 
hopes that were born of their Christian experience. On 
the morning of the second day, while wading a brook, 
Mrs Williams fell in the water. Although able to gain 
the opposite bank, still she was hindered by her wet 
clothing and lagged behind. An Indian, who called 
himself her master, cleft her head with a tomahawk. 
He did this before the eyes of one of her sons who 



I20 



History of X'hrmont 



found an opportunity on the following day to describe 
the act to his father. Some fifteen or twenty of the 
captives were killi'd duriiij^ the first three days of the 
march. 

The party stopped over Sunday beside a branch of the 
Connecticut River, a little way above Bellows Falls, and 
j\Ir. Williams preached a sermon to his fellow captives. 
From this circumstance the stream was named Williams 
River. 

At the mouth of the White River the party divided. 

One division went by way 
of the White River and 
the Winooski, crossed 
to the islands in Lake 
Champlain, turned aside 
for a few days' rest 
at the Indian village near 
the present village of 
Indian squaws building a birch Swanton, and then went 
baric wigwam on to Canada. The other 

division kept along up the Connecticut River to the 
great meadows in Newbury, near which they remained 
until corn-planting time. Corn 
was planted in the meadows and 
the Indians would have remained 
for the summer if they had 
not heard that some of their tribe 
living about twenty miles below 
had been attacked and nearly all 
destroyed by partisans of the Eng- 
lish. Then the party moved on to 
Canada by way of the Wells and 
Winooski rivers and Lake Cham- 
plain. The Rev. John Williams was with the first 
division, and his son Stephen with the second. Both 





Indians hunting deer 
with bow and arrow 



Explorations 



121 



were exchanged, returned two years afterward and 
wrote narratives of their captivity, which are valuable and 
easily accessible. Eunice Williams, daughter of John, 
remained in Canada, married an Indian, and was the 
ancestress of numerous descendants. 

7. The First Settlement. — 
There v^^ere settlements in North- 
field, Mass., previous to the Deer- 
field raid. At a very early day these 
settlements extended north on both 
sides of the Connecticut River be- 
yond the Massachusetts boundary, as 
afterwards determined. The first 
settlement by the English in the 
present State of Vermont was in the 
town of Vernon, then a part of Northfield, Mass., and not 
later than 1690. 




King Philip, Indian chief 

(From old pJate in Schoolcraft's 
"Indian Races," 1848) 



8. Fort Dummer. — After the close of Queen 
Anne's war in 17 13, new settlements were rapidly made 
in Massachusetts and, to protect 
them, in 1724 Fort Dummer was 
built beside the Connecticut River 
near the present village of Brattle- 
boro. The original fort was about 
one hundred eighty feet square, built 
of white pine logs cut in the imme- 
diate neighborhood, hewn square and 
laid up, interlocking at the corners in 
the manner of a block house. At 
convenient places on the walls, boxes 
were placed for sentries and platforms for cannon, one 
of which, known as the Great Gun, was fired as a signal 
whenever Indians were discovered in the neighborhood. 




Indians trading at 
Fort Dummer 



122 



History' of Vermont 



Houses were built within, having the walls of the fort for 
one side and all their openings within the fort. 

To this place a garrison was sent consisting partly of 
friendly Indians. 

"Die Puritans did not forget the spiritual welfare of their 
soldiers nor of their savage neighbors, and a worthy min- 
ister was sought out to serve as a chaplain to the garrison 
and as a missionary to the heathen Red Men. Soon it was 
believed that a profitable trade in furs might be carried 
on there, and an agent was appointed and provided with 




Fort Dummer 
Old log fort, showing manner of building 

means to conduct the business. So in a short time Fort 
Dummer had become a military post, a missionary station, 
a trading house; and within and around it grew up a 
settlement. 



9. Exi'i.oRixc. Parties. — Many exploring parties were 
sent out from the fort and its neighborhood during the early 
years of its occupation. In 1725, a party went by way of 
the Connecticut, Wells and ^Vinooski rivers to Lake Cham- 
plain, and live years later another party explored the route 



Explorations 



123 



by way of the Connecticat and Black rivers and Otter Creek 
to Lake Champlain. This second route was called the 
" Indian road," because of its frequent use by the Indians 
in their journey between Lake Champlain and Fort Dum- 
mer. In 1731, the year following this last expedition, the 
French built a fort at Crown Point, N. Y. They had 
the year before begun a settlement at Chimney Point, where 
Captain De Warm, under orders from the English at 
Albany, had built the little stone fort in 1690. 

10. Temporary Forts and Settlements. — It does 
not appear that the fort built by Captain De Warm was 
used or intended for permanent occupation. Likewise the 
French Fort St. Anne, a larger and more important work, 




The site of old Fort St. Anne, at Isle La Motte 



seems to have been used only for temporary needs. The 
French settlement at Chimney Point flourished while the 
French power in Canada continued. Other settlements on 
the borders of Lake Champlain were made by the French, 
notably in Alburg, but were deserted when Canada became 
a British Province. 



124 



History of Vermont 



II. Boundary Between New Hampshire and Mas- 
sachusetts. — Fort Dummer was built by Massachusetts. 
At that time there was a dispute between New Hamp- 
shire and Massachusetts relative to 
boundaries. The northern boundary 
of Massachusetts, according to the 
claim of Massachusetts, would have 
run near the northern base of 
Ascutney Mountain, while according to 
the claim of New Hampshire it would 
have been found crossing Black Moun- 
tain. The dispute was at length de- 
cided by the King of England, who 
gave to New Hampshire more than 
she claimed. In accordance with the 
King's decision the boundary line be- 
tween Massachusetts and New Hampshire was run in 1741, 
the work of which was assigned to three surveyors, each 
of whom had his particular portion or line. Richard 
Hazen, beginning near Merrimac River, " marked the west 
line across the Connecticut River to the supposed boundary 
line of New York." 

For more than forty years the provinces of New 
Hampshire and Massachusetts were united under one 
Governor, though each province had its House of Repre- 
sentatives and its Council. Soon after the boundary line 
between them was determined, a Governor was appointed 
for each province. 




A Puritan maid 



12. Western Boundary of New Hampshire. — The 
new Governor of New Hampshire was Benning Went- 
worth, in whose commission New Hampshire was described 
as extending westward until it meets his Majesty's other 
provinces. The western boundary of Connecticut, except 



Explorations 



125 



in the southern part, had been fixed as a line twenty 
miles east of the Hudson River 
and parallel to it. Massachu- 
setts claimed that her southern 
and northern bjundaries each 
extended west to a point twenty 
miles east of the Hudson Rivci 
and that her western boundar\ 
was a straight line joining thoM 
two points. Although this clain < 
had not been formally estab- 
lished, lands had been granted 
and settlements made in ac- 
cordance with it. The author- 
ities of New Hampshire claimed 
that the territory of that 
province extended toward the 
west as far as that of 
Massachusetts did, and, in January, i749, Governor Went- 
worth granted a township six miles square, lying six miles 




Benning Wentworth, Royal Governor of 
New Hampshire from 1741 to 1767 




Indian pipes 

north of the north line of Massachusetts, and twenty miles 
east of the Hudson River. The township was surveyed 
according to the grant, and was named Bennington. 

13. Settlements Near Fort Dummer. — The period 
extending from the building of Fort Dummer to the ap- 
pointment of Governor Wentworth was one of comparative 



(9) 



126 



History of Vermont 




Map of the New Hampshire Grants soon after the erection of Fort Dummer 



Explorations 



127 



The following7^mong otlTer implements 
of Indian manufacture, all of stone, are 
occasionally picked up. 



quiet. A few townships had been granted by Massachusetts 
in the vicinity of the fort and settlements had been begun 
in them. The most northerly of these settlements was 
Number Four, now Charlestown, N. H. 

14. The First French and Indian War. — The 
year 1744 brought to America news of war between 
England and 

France. This im- 
plied war between 
the New England 
colonies and the 
French and Indians 
of Canada, and pre- 
parations were at 
once begun on both 
sides. 

15. The Main- 
tenance OF Fort 
D u M M E R . — 
The maintenance of 
Fort Dummer was 
necessary to the 
safety of Massa- 
chusetts, but the 
survey of 1741 had 
shown it to be be- 
yond her borders. 
The Governor of 
the colony applied 
to the home government for relief from the support of this 
fort. After due consideration, an order by the King in 
Council was issued to Governor Wentworth directing him 
to urge the Assembly of New Hampshire to provide for 
the fort, on the ground that its maintenance was necessary 




T,'i ave soir.ctimos grooved 

thrciu-,; , i... , .. iiole lenglli, which is gen- 
erally from 8 to-l-i inches. 




'< Tlie arrow ']>0}'iis :.re from one to five 

■inches ifl.n g- . 

Indian implements found in Vermont 



128 



History oi Vermont 



and that it was unjust to require a province to maintain 
a fortress outside its own territory. The Assembly first 
appHed to refused to assume the charge. The next As- 
sembly voted to garrison the fort, but on such conditions 
as the authorities in Massachusetts thought insufficient. So 
Massachusetts supported the fort. 

1 6. Scouting Parties. — Fort Dummer now became 
one of a series of forts extending from Number 
Four in New Hampshire to Fort Massachusetts in the 
Hoosac Valley, near the present village of Williams- 
town, Mass. Frequent scouting parties traversed the 

line of forts and 
were sometimes 
sent in other 
directions. In 

May, 1748, one 
of these parties 
lett Number 

Four by the 
" Indian road " 
already men- 

tioned. They kept together until they reached the 
largest branch of the Otter Creek, when they divided, 
one part crossing the river and going towards Crown 
Point, while the other kept the east side of the river. 
The first division, consisting of eighteen men and com- 
manded by Captain Eleazar Melvin, when opposite Crown 
Point fired 




Indian chisel, pick and spear at 
University of Vermont 



upon 


some 


Indians 


who 


were rowing 


on the 


lake, 


and \vere 


pur- 


sued. 


To 


avoid 


their 


pursuers 


they 




Indian Utensils (Copied from old plate) 



Explorations 



129 



passed up the southern branch of the Otter Creek and 
crossed the mountains to the West River. While halting 
on this stream, near the present village of Jamaica, they 
were attacked by the Indians and scattered, losing one- 
third of their men. The other party, commanded by 
Captain Phineas Stevens, not meeting the first and fearing 
danger, crossed the mountains to the Quechee River, 
which they followed to its mouth, and passed thence 
down the Connecticut River by raft and canoe to Number 
Four. 

A few weeks later Captain Humphrey Hobbs, with 
forty men, left Number Four for Fort Shirley, near the 
Deerfield River in Massa- 
chusetts. About twelve miles 
from Fort Dummer, in the 
present town of Marlboro, 
Vermont, the party halted for 
dinner with guards posted in 
the rear. While at dinner they 
were attacked by a large force 
of Indians. A fierce onset of 
the Indians was repelled by the 

English, when the men of each The Bridgeman Fort erected at 

1 , , , r Vernon in 17+6 

party sought the shelter of (From old engraving) 

trees and fought as sharp- 
shooters. After a severe battle the Indians withdrew. 
Captain Hobbs had three men killed and two severely 
wounded. The next day he marched with his force to Fort 
Dummer. 




17. Vermont in 1749. — During the war from 1744 
to 1749, Fort Dummer and the fort at Number Four 
were repeatedly attacked and lost many men, and before 
the close of the war all other forts and settlements of 
the English north of Massachusetts and west of the Con- 
necticut River had been captured, abandoned or destroyed. 
Fort Dummer remained alone of English settlements within 
the territory of Vermont. 



I30 



History of Vermont 



1 8. Positions and Aims of tiif Enolish and the 
French. — The English at this time lield the country bo 
tween the Appalachian Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean 
from Maine to Georgia. The French held Canada and 
Louisiana and had posts on the Great Lakes and along the 
Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. Both sought possession of 
the Valley of the Ohio River which was between them. 



19. Washington Sent to the Ohio. — In the spring 
of 1754 an expedition was sent from Virginia under 

George Washington to 
complete and protect a 
fort already begun at the 
junction of the Alleghany 
and Monongahela rivers, 
which is the beginning 
of the Ohio River, where 
is now the city of Pitts- 
burg. Before Washing- 

„, J . .- r.i T) 1 • ton reached the place, the 

Hags used at time of the Revolution _ 

English, American, Washington's French had gained posses- 
sion of it and had sent a force to meet him. Wash- 
ington defeated that force and built a fort for his own 
defense which he called Fort Necessity. This he was 
obliged to surrender July 4. 




20. Convention of Albany. — On that day, July 
4, 1754, a convention of eight English colonics, called 
by the advice of the King of England for the purpose 
of devising measures of defense against the French, 
was in session in Albany, New York. The delegates there 
assembled renewed for the colonics their treaties of friend- 
ship with the Iroquois and adopted a Plan of Union for the 
colonies which was presented by Benjamin Franklin, but was 
not accepted by the colonies or by the king. 



Explorations 



131 




21. Second French and Indian War. — War between 
France and England was declared in 175b, and both nations 
had already sent troops to 
America. For four successive 
years, beginning with the 
declaration of war, efforts 
were made by the English 
to gain possession of Lake 
Champlain. Many soldiers 
from the New England 
colonies were engaged in 
these undertakings and so 
became acquainted with por- 
tions of Vermont. 

22. A Military Road.-^ 
After the capture of Crown Ten Colonial costumes 
Point by the English, in the summer of 1759, Captain John 
Stark with two hundred rangers was sent by General 
Amherst to cut a road from Crown Point to Charlestown, 
N. H. The road was completed the next year, following 
for the most part the largest eastern branch of the Otter 
Creek and the Black River. 

23. Johnson Captivity. — Captain Johnson and family 
with Messrs. Laberee and Farnsworth were taken captives 
by the Indians from Charlestown, N. H. (No. 4), August 
30, 1754. The first day out on the way to Canada (Aug 
31), Mrs. Johnson gave birth to a daughter in the town of 
Cavendish, Vt. Nearly fifty years later Mrs. Johnson identi- 
fied the places where the Indians encamped and where her. 
daughter was born, and contracted for the erection of stones 
to mark both spots. Her instructions were ignored and the 
stones erected side by side, where they have stood for fully a 
century on the roadside near Felchville in the town of 



132 



History of Vermont 



Reading, but the child was born " up the brook a half mile " 
in the town of Cavendish. The daughter was named Eliza- 
hfth Captive Johnson and was the third English person born 
in the State of Vermont. 




^i^}^->^^^, 



Stones 111 iIk iiu\n oi (. avendish niarkii,_ m. .rih of 

Elizabeth Captive Johnson, born in Indian 

captivity, 1754 



Elizabeth Captive Johnson, born in Indian captivity undei 
the most trying circumstances, lived and prospered and be- 
came the head of one of Vermont's most distinguished 
families. She was the maternal great-grandmother of th« 
late distinguished Hon, Frederick Billings of Woodstock. 

Mrs. Johnson wrote a narrative of her captivity, which 
was published in its third edition at Windsor in 18 14 and is 
one of Vermont's very rare and costly books. 



Explorations 



133 



24. Other Early Births. — Col. John Sargent, so far 
as the historical records of early births can be relied on, was 
the first English person born in Vermont. He was buried in 
the West River Cemetery in Brattleboro, where he was 
born in 1732. 












^RG£AN-r 



C- ^®^J 



^ 



Gravestone of first English person born in Vermont 

The second recorded birth is that of Anna Averill at West- 
minster in the autumn of 1751. The third that of Elizabeth 
Captive Johnson in the town of Cavendish, Aug. 31, 1754. 



IJ4 



History of Vermont 



25. Rogers Expedition. — In September, 1759, 
Major Robert Rofi;ers was sent from Crown Point with 
two hundred men against the. St. Francis Indians near 
the mouth of the St. Francis River. He sailed down 
Lake Champlain and leaving his boats and provisions 
hidden in the bushes beside the Missisquoi Bay marched 
through swampy woods to his destination. The Indians 
were surprised in the early morning, many were killed, 
and the village was plundered and burned. IVIajor Rogers 
had learned that his boats and provisions had been 
discovered and captured by the enemy and that he was 
pursued by a larger force than his own, and so he started 
immediately for Charlestown, N. H. A difficult march 
of eight days brought the little army to the neighbor- 
hood of Lake Memphremagog. They were already 
short of provisions, and, as a means of safety, the whole 

party was now 
divided into 
several com- 
panies and 
each was di- 
rected to find 
its way to the 
mouth of the 
A m m o n oosuc 
River. Major 
Rogers with 
his company 
took the route 
along the Bar- 
ton and Passuinpsic rivers to the Connecticut, where he 
expected to find provisions. A camp w^as found and a fresh 
fire was burning in it. but the men sent had gone down 
the river with their provisions. Guns were fired as a 




Indian wigwams and canoe 



Explorations 



135 




Indian hoe 



signal, but the men with 
the provisions made the 
greater haste down the 
stream. Here Major 
Rogers left his com- 
pany, except three com- 
panions with whom he 

started down the river on a raft made of dry logs. On 
the second day they lost their raft at Olcott Falls, and 
made a new one at the foot of the falls by burning down 
trees and burning off logs of a suitable length. With this 
they kept on until they found men chopping beside the 
river just above Charlestown, were helped to the fort, and 
provisions were at once sent to the men who had been 
left behind. Many of those rangers never returned and 
they probably died of starvation in the woods. Skeletons, 
guns and other remains found by early settlers near the 
Connecticut and Passumpsic rivers were reported as the relics 
of Rogers' men. After gathering up a remnant of his force 
Major Rogers returned to Crown Point. 




ONE POUND. 




SSI 

gntgl I'rin.ec! by Spooned &. -^,^0^ 



Fac-simile of Vermont bill of credit, 1781; amount authorized 25,155 
English pounds. All were redeemed by the State 



136 



History of Vermont 



26. — Vermont in 1760. — With the retreating army in 
1759, the French settlers in the Champlain valley retired 
to Canada. There were then a few scattered settlements 
near the west bank of the Connecticut River from the 
Massachusetts line to Bellows Falls. These, with the 
dwellers in the Indian village by the Lower Falls of the 
Missisquoi River, constituted the population of Vermont in 
1760. 



Q , . . — ^ / ^ 



\ R' r> /// .l.D 'r^^ ^.^/,: f^j, /sa^/.li .c-^. £.. 






-m \ 



Hit^' /tic. fi'f^U%. 









V 4 N^"^ -^ 



.0. ^^z- 










^ 









(tDtlCtD r«C <IM1I t or TRIATt 



A 



•-:> 



'Jt^* 



IMUUN miBtS. i;6>, 1 

Treaty with Indian tribes, showing peculiar signatures and seals 



Settlements 



137 



CHAPTER II 



Further Settlements. Conflicting Claims 




ETTLEMENT of Bennington. — The town- 
ship of Bennington was granted and sur- 
veyed in 1749, but the forest remained 
unbroken until after the conquest of Canada. 
Captain Samuel Robinson, returning from 
Lake George to his home in Massachusetts 
during the French and Indian war, passed through Ben- 
nington, encamping for the night there. He was so much 
pleased with the country that he 
found the owners, purchased a por- 
tion of their rights and with some 
friends began there, in 1761, the 
first permanent settlement of West- 
ern Vermont. Six families from 
beyond the Connecticut River 
wended their way on horseback , ^. . ■ . ^ „ 

»rv,.i^J^_^J >...<-ii j Indian urn or water ]ar found at 

through leafy woods and beside full coichester in ms; now in 

=> •' possession of University 

Streams and reached Bennington °f Vermont 

June 18. Samuel Robinson had bought wheat at Charle- 
mont on the Deerfield River two months before 
and as a pioneer went forward to prepare as fully 
as possible for the necessities of the colony. In the 
autumn other families came, some of them from the 
farthest corner of Connecticut, making up a number of 
thirty or forty. A mild winter followed, which was 
very favorable to the settlers and which they regarded 
as a special interposition of the Supreme Ruler in their 




1 38 



History ok Vermont 



behalf. The settlement grew rapidly and others were 
made near it. In 1765 a bridle path was surveyed 

and opened to Danby, 
where a few begin- 
nings were made 
beside the branches 
of the Otter Creek by 
settlers from New 
York. Bennington, 

with its one thou- 







Garrison House 

sand inhabitants, its town organization, its mills, its militia 
company, its church and its schools, was already a center 
of "business and of social and political influence. 

2. Settlement of Newbury. — The Coos Meadows, 
in Newbury, Vt., and Haverhill, N. H., of the present 
day, had been known for a long time. Stephen Williams 
spent several weeks in the neighborhood in the spring 
of 1704. The same spring Jacob Hicks planted corn 
there with tlif Indians, and shortly after died of starva- 
tion. Captain Peter Powers of New Hampshire, just 
fifty years later, found the 
meadows cleared and covered 
with grass. A few families 
came to these meadows in 
1762. They settled on oppo- 
site sides of the Connecticut 
River and in different towns, 
but constituted one neighbor- 
hood sixty miles distant from 
the nearest settlement, that of Charlestown, N. H. From 
that place they brought provisions by boat in summer 
and on the ice in winter until they could raise their own 
supplies. The irons for the first saw-mill in Newbury 
were brought from Concord, N. H., nearly eighty miles 



^TJ.^ 







Early backwoods house 
before 1770 



Settlements 



139 




distant, upon a hand-sled. It 

was a wild country far in the 

woods. One Sunday, Mrs. Mary 

Kent of Newbury remained at home 

alone while the rest of the family 

went to meeting. During the time 

three large bears came and looked 

in at the open door of her cabin, 

and then walked away. In 1765, 

three years after its first settlement, 

Newbury was a fully organized town First thanksgiving; set- 

j • ^- VI TT i-'ii tiers and Indians at 

and, m connection with Haverhill, peace 

had a church and a pastor. In that 

year there were settlements in nearly all the towns border- 
ing the Connecticut River on the west from Massachusetts 
to Newbury, and in enough of the 
tiers east of the Connecticut to fill 
the gaps in the line of the river 
towns. A settlement had also been 
made in Guildhall. 

3. Timothy Knox. — In some 
of these towns the people were few. 
The entire population of Wood- 
stock at this time consisted 
of Timothy Knox. He had 
been a fellow-student in Harvard 
College with Elbridge Gerry, who afterwards signed the 
Declaration of Independence, became Governor of Massa- 
chusetts and Vice-President of the United States, whose 
virtues have been extolled in history and one of whose de- 
vices has been embalmed in the word gerrymander. Knox 
had not been requited in an affection he had bestowed, so 
went to Woodstock, built a shack in which he slept, cooked 
his food, and stored his furs. For three j'ears he was the 
only inhabitant of the town. 




A corn crusher and 
old chair 



I40 



History of Vermont 



4. New Hampshire Grants. — In 1765 the settle- 
ments in what is now Vermont extended from the border 

of Massachusetts 
northward in two 
lines ; on the west to 
the head waters of 
the Otter Creek, on 
the east to Guild- 
hall. Beginnings 
had been made in 
some twenty-five 
townships, and 
wherever the popu- 
lation was sufficient 
towns had been 
organized. Before 
this date one hun- 
dred fifty townships 
had been granted by 
Governor Went- 
w'orth of New 
Hampshire to purchasers who constituted a large and influ- 
ential portion of the citizens of the New England colonies. 
The country in which these lands lay was then called the 
New Hampshire Grants. 

5. News. — To these settlers and purchasers there 
came interesting news from Albany, in the early summer 
of this year, in the form of a proclamation by Lieutenant 
Governor Colden of New York, in which he recited an 
order of the King of England declaring the west bank 
of the Connecticut River to be the boundary between the 
provinces of New Hampshire and New York. 

6. Changed Jurisdiction. — By this decision the 
lands granted by Governor Wentworth west of the Con- 
necticut River were placed under the jurisdiction of 




An early settler 



Settlements 



141 




At home in 1776. Spinning 
before the fireplace 



New York. But not • until surveyors appeared In the 
valley of the BattenkiU, laying out for New York 
grantees fields just won from the forest and for which 
payment had been made 
to the Governor of New 
Hampshire, did the set- 
tlers believe that their titles 
to their lands would be 
questioned. 

7. A Convention. — 
A convention of settlers 
was held at Bennington 
in the early autumn of 
1765. The convention was 
a New England notion. 

But with the men of Massachusetts and Connecticut 
came the Yorkers from Danby, whose bridle path grew 
to a wide road as they approached the new center of 
democratic ideas. Samuel Robinson of Bennington was 
selected as an agent of the settlers to lay their case and 
their claims before Governor Moore, then newly arrived in 
New York City. 

8. Claims. — The New York Party. — The New 
York authorities persisted in their claims. Both parties 
granted that the lands in dispute originally belonged to 
the King of England. The New York party claimed that 

■ a grant of all lands between the Connecticut River and the 
Delaware Bay, made by the King to the Duke of York in 
1664 and confirmed ten years later, included the lands 
west of the Connecticut recently granted by Governor 
Wentworth, and had never been set aside with respect to 
them. Consequently the grants made by Governor Went- 
worth were without authority and null and void ; and this 



(10) 



142 



History of Vermont 



party demanded that the settlers procure new patents, pay- 
ing the customary fees for them upon pain of ejectment. 
The New York officials were desirous of fees; they were 
upholders of royal and parliamentary authority in the 
colonies; they thoroughly believed in the excellence of the 
British form of government and of the constitution of 
British society, and they feared the democratic tendencies 
of New England. The leaders of the New England party 
were men of superior education and native ability, whose 
interests and whose real belief were in harmony and who 
were determined to maintain the right, as they understood 
it, at all hazards. 

9. The Settlers. — Claims. — The settlers had 
invested money and labor in these lands to make homes 

for their families, 
and to give up 
their claims would 
reduce many of 
them to abject 
poverty. They were 
Indian wampum belt g^j-ong men; they 

had grown up under the influence of the town meeting, 
the local church and the district school. They were men 
of mark in their former homes. They had been active in 
civil affairs. They had raised companies of militia and of 
rangers for the wars. They had out-fought the French- 
man and had out-witted the Indian. They had organized 
companies to settle in the new country. They were fond 
of arguments, and the statement and defense of personal 
rights was for them an intellectual pastime. 

They said that the grant of 1664 was too indefinite 
to support the claim of New York. They held that 
when the King called upon the people of New Hamp- 
shire to support Fort Dummer, he plainly implied that 




Settlements 



143 




it and the territory near it belonged to New Hampshire; 
and that in his commission to Governor Wentworth he 
implied that New Hampshire extended as far west as 
did Massachusetts and Connecticut — to within twenty 
miles of the Hudson River. They also maintained that 
having bought their lands of one of the King's 
accredited agents they could not be required to pay 
again for the lands because of misunderstandings between 
the agents, and they furthermore declared that in their new 
home they meant to stay, and, as for themselves, they would 
never pay a second time. 

The issue was direct and the parties 
might soon have engaged in hostilities 
except for the larger questions raised by the 
stamp act and promoted by the colonial 
congress held at New York in October of 
that year. 

The dispute went on and was carried 
to the courts of New York for decision. 
The claims of the settlers found no recogni- 
tion there and in the autumn of 1770 a 
convention of settlers held at Bennington declared, " We 
will resist by force the unjust claims of New York." 

It must be noticed that the contention of the 
inhabitants of the New Hampshire Grants in 1770 was 
with the New York government exclusively, as the King 
more than three years before had forbidden the New York 
authorities to make any new grants of these lands or molest 
any person in the quiet possession of his lands who could 
produce a valid deed for the same under the seal of the 
province of New Hampshire, until they should receive fur- 
ther orders respecting them. 

10. The Green Mountain Boys. — We have seen 
that Bennington had an organized military company pre- 



A British stamp 
issued in 1765 
for colonists to 
use on all busi- 
ness papers 



144 History of \'i;R.moxt 

vious to 1765. Between October, 1764, and 1772, a regi- 
ment was formed, called The Green Mountain Boys. 
Elijah Dewey was captain of the Bennington company. 

II. Sheriff Ten Eyck. — July 19, 1771, Sheriff Ten 
Eyck of Albany county, in which Bennington and the 
adjacent towns were then included, accompanied by a 
posse of four hundred armed men, citizens of the county, 
attempted the ejectment of James Breckenridge from his 
farm in Bennington. The Bennington militia were found 
in possession of the house and advantageously posted in the 
vicinit}'. A parley was held. The men of Bennington 
declared their intention to maintain their position at every 
cost; the sheriff's posse was unwilling to make an attack, 
so the sheriff withdrew with his three hundred men. This 
was a great victory for the claimants under New Hamp- 
shire, as it showed that the official and land-jobbing classes 
of New York were not supported by the people. A pre- 
vious attempt at serving process had been made October 
19, 1769, and peacefully resisted. 




Uld home of Ethan Allen, court house and church at Bennington 
Center; only the eliurcli now stiindinj,^ 



Settlements 



145 



12. At Otter Creek Falls. — Two years after the 
affair at Bennington, one Colonel Reid, who had previously 
driven off New Hampshire grantees from the lower Otter 
Creek Falls at Vergennes, and who had himself been 
driven away by the Green Mountain Boys, returned with 
a party of newly arrived Scotch immigrants, whom he put 
in possession of a grist-mill, saw-mill and other property, 
again driving away New Hampshire settlers. After two 
months' possession these people were visited by a force of 
more than one hundred armed men commanded by Ethan 
Allen and Seth Warner. The houses and grist-mill were 
destroyed, the mill-stones were broken and the people 
warned not to come again within the New Hampshire 
Grants. In these ways the Green Mountain Boys pro- 
tected their lands and nourished their valor. 

13. Rewards Offered. — In consequence of these and 
other energetic measures of the Green Mountain Boys, 
Governor Tryon of New York, at the suggestion of the 
Assembly of the province, offered a reward of fifty pounds 
each for the apprehension and delivery to the authorities 
at Albany of Ethan Allen, Seth Warner and six other 
leaders. The reward offered for Allen and Warner was 
afterwards doubled by vote of 

the Assembly. To this the 
settlers in convention at Man- 
chester replied March 16, 1774, 
just a week after the offer of 
the reward, by a resolution in 
which they said, "We will stand 
by and defend our friends and 
neighbours, who are indicted, at 
the expense of our lives and for- 
tunes." And the persons for 
whose apprehension the reward old court house at Woodstock 
had been offered responded by ^^^o^^ ^793- (From old plate) 




e 



v^ 



^ 



"HO— 



rON 



.fO 



>* 



u 



N 




f£nHINc\ 



6/VTW 



^of 



P^^vt^h/^^^ 





/ocro^^ 


A. 


/ V 

\^^AffOy£/f 


k 
T 
^ 



/iiDAnTMOUTH Coil O 




OA? 



aNOI 



w 







HAM ASHIRi 



First political division of Vermont 



Settlements 



147 



a proclamation declaring that they would "kill and destroy" 
any persons attempting to capture them. 

14. Counties.— New York at first treated the en- 
tire territory between the Connecticut River and 
Lake Champlain as belonging to the county of 
Albany. But the distance from the county seat, 




A bit of Vermont pasture 

"Farther off blue mountains stand 
Like giant guards on either hand. " — Dorr. 

in the absence of roads, rendered the administration 
of justice difficult, if not impossible, in the further por- 
tions of the county, and led to the establishment, in 1768, 
of Cumberland County. This new county had an area 
nearly the same as that of the present Windham 
and Windsor counties, and Chester was made the shire 
town at first. 



148 History of Vermont 

Two years later the county of Gloucester was 
formed, extending from Cumberland County to Canada, 
and from the Connecticut River to the Green Moun- 
tains. The shire was Kingsland, now Washington, in 
Orange County, where a log building was erected for a 
court house and jail. It stood near the headwaters of two 
streams, one flowing into the Winooski, the other into the 
Waits River, each of which was called Jail Branch. Here, 
eight miles from any human habitation, courts were held 
until, in the attempt to hold a winter term, the judges 
and officers of the court lost their way in the woods, when, 
all standing on their snow-shoes among the leafless trees, 
the court was opened and adjourned and the party retraced 
their steps. 

After two more years, Charlotte County was estab- 
lished. It extended in Vermont, west of the Green 
Mountains, from the Battcnkill River in Sunderland and 
Arlington to Canada, and included as large a territory west 
of Lake Champlain. The shire at first was at a hotel 
near Fort Edward, but later it was' removed to Skenesboro, 
now Whitehall. Only a small portion of Vermont was 
then left in Albany County. In 1772, Westminster was 
made the shire of Cumberland County, and Newbury the 
shire of Gloucester County. 

15. Attitude of the People. — One purpose lead- 
ing to the formation of these counties was to attach the 
inhabitants to New York by the emoluments of office 

and participation in the 
local government. The 
plan was but partially 
successful. The Green 
Mountain Boys were 
dominant everjnvhere 

west of the mountains, 
and prevented any exer- 




An old-fashioned oven 



Settlements 



149 



cise of authority derived from New York. In Gloucester 
County the people were few and scattered, and at this 
period took little interest in the controversy with New 
York and made no opposition to the county government. 
Cumberland County was more populous, and among its 
inhabitants were many friends of New York. But men 
who had been accustomed to take the large share in pub- 
lic affairs allowed by the New England town were not 
easily satisfied with the county government of New York. 
The county oflRcers were appointed by the Governor and 
council of the province, and these, in turn, appointed 
inferior officers and performed other duties which in New 
England were performed by the towns in tov^ai meeting. 
The officers were selected from the friends of the official 
and aristocratic party, and, as they held office by appoint- 
ment, they were little dependent on the people, and their 
conduct was not always 
conciliatory. Party spirit 
ran high. The courts were 
distrusted. The executive 
officers were hated. In 
1770 the June term of the 
court at Chester was in- 
terrupted by a band of 
men who denied the right 
of New York to estab- 
lish a county on the New 
Hampshire Grants. 

16. Massacre at 

Westminster. — In 1774 

the colonial government 

of Massachusetts came 

,, , Interior old courthouse 

practically to an end. ^^ Westminster 




150 



History of Vermont 



Thf provincial asseinly was replaced by a provincial con- 
gress. Courts were prevented from sitting. Committees 
of correspondence appointed by the towns had brought the 
people to know each other, and were keeping the spirit 
of independence at a white heat. 

In September the first Continental Congress met at 
Philadelphia. The whole country was in a ferment. 
The people of Cumberhuul County held conventions 
and passed resolutions showing them to be in full sym- 
pathy with American patriots in other colonies. These 
movements, added to the previous disputes, led to an 
earnest desire for the suspension of the term of court 

appointed at West- 
minster for March 14, 
1775. The judges 

were appealed to, 
but declined to make 
any promises. The 
day previous to that 
set for the opening 
of the court, a large 
number of men pro- 
vided with staves 
and clubs took possession of the court house. The sheriff 
appeared with a posse of armed men and demanded admit- 
tance. This was refused except on conditions which were 
not acceptable to the sheriff, and he withdrew. Just before 
midnight he returned with his posse and again demanded 
admittance. As it was refused, the men in the building 
were fired upon ; ten were wounded, two of them mortally, 
one of whom, William French, died in a few hours. The 
wounded and some others were made prisoners and were 
lodged in the jail, and the victorious party spent 
the rest of the nitrht in carousal. In the mornine 







Westminster court house and 

jail 



Settlements 



151 



armed men came in from the surrounding country 
and before noon the prisoners of the last 
night had been released, and such judges and officers 
of the court as could be found had been committed to 
the jail. Within two days five hundred armed men had 
reached Westminster. Among them were forty Green 
Mountain Boys led by Captain Robert Cochran of 
Rupert, and many men from New Hampshire and Massa- 
chusetts. 

This uprising of 
the people of Cum 
berland County was 
not only an expres- 
sion of the dislike 
of the majority of 
the inhabitants to 
the measures of the 
mother country, but 
also to those of the 
local government of 
New York. 

This event was 
quickly followed 
by Lexington and 
Ticonderoga and 
Bunker Hill. British rule in America had ceased. The 
Revolutionary War had begun, and for a time all attention 
was drawn to that. 




Tombstone of William French 
at Westminster 




The four horse coach of other davs 



152 



History of Vermont 




Work of Larkin Goldsmith Mead of Brattleboro 



The Revolutionary War 



153 



CHAPTER III 
The Revolutionary War 




ICONDEROGA.— Late in February, 1775, 
John Brown, Esq., of Pittsfield, Mass., 
called at Bennington on his way to Canada 
"■rnvm ^° secure the friendship of the Canadians 
^ilH^^ and Indians for the American colonies in 
the approaching conflict between them 
and England. He had been selected for this service by 
the Boston committee of correspondence at the sugges- 
tion of the Massachusetts Congress. Peleg Sunderland, 
a leader of the Green Mountain Boys, for whose delivery 
at Albany Governor Tryon had of- 
fered a reward the year before, was 
his guide. Near the end of March, 
Brown wrote from Montreal to 
the committee in Boston, " The 
fort at Ticonderoga must be se- 
cured as soon as possible should 
hostilities be committed by the 
King's troops. The people on the 
New Hampshire Grants have 
engaged to do this business." 
Soon after the battle of Lexington, several gentlemen of 
Hartford, Conn., raised a sum of money to pay the 
expenses of an expedition against Ticonderoga and 
sent it forward by messengers, one of w^hom was Captam 
Edward Mott. Mott gathered a few recruits in Connecti- 
cut, a few more in Massachusetts, and reached Bennington 
with about fifty men. Affairs were in such a state of 
readiness there that in three days, namely, on Sunday even- 




Development of the 
American flag 



154 



History of Vermont 




ing, May 7, Captain Mott had reached Castleton with one 
hundred and seventy men, including Colonel Ethan Allen, 
Captain Samuel Herrick and Captain Seth Warner, three 
of the eight persons for whose capture Governor Tryon 

had offered 

a reward. 

Here it was 

! arranged that 

• Captain Her- 

k* rick, with 

t h i r t >• m e n , 
should cap- 
ture Skenes- 
boro. now 

Wh itchall, 
N.Y., and any 
boats there 
and send the 
boats down the 
lake to Shoreham; that Captain Douglass should go at 
once to secure other boats; that Colonel Allen should com- 
mand the main force that was to go against Ticonderoga. 
So much had been agreed on, and Captains Herrick and 
Douglass had started for their destinations and Colonel 
Allen had started for Shoreham to meet some men who 
would be waiting there, when, on the evening of May 
8, Benedict Arnold, with a servant, a new uniform and 
epaulets, arrived at Castleton with a commission from the 
Massachusetts Committee of Safety authorizing him to 
enlist men for the capture of Ticonderoga, and demanded 
that the command of the expedition be given to him. 
The men utterly refused to accept him as a commander. 
He had not enlisted them as the terms of his commis- 
sion required. They had enlisted on the express condition 
that thev should be led bv their own officers. 



Fort Ticonderoga. (From old picture 
published in 1855) 



The Revolutionary War 



155 



Before leaving Castleton, Colonel Allen had sent 
a messenger, whether Major Gershom or Major 
Samuel Beach- is now uncertain, to summon men. 
The messenger went through Rutland, Pittsford, 




Memorial tower to General Ethan Allen; dedicated at Burlington 
August 16, 1905, the 128th anniversary of the battle of Bennington 

Brandon, Middlebury, and Whiting, to the lake side in the 
southerly part of Shoreham, making a circuit of sixty miles 



156 



History of Vermont 



in twenty-four hours and summoning his men. To the 
same place the little army marched May 9, going north 
from Castleton until they reached the military road that 
we saw John Stark opening sixteen years before. Boats 
were collected during the night and, before the dawn of 
May 10, two hundred and seventy men faced toward the 
lake waiting to cross. Allen and eighty-two men were all 
that could be carried over at once. When these reached 
the west shore the morning had begun to dawn. To wait 
for the arrival of the remainder of the force was not safe. 
The fort must be taken at once. Allen explained the 
danger of the undertaking and called upon all who 
were willing to follow him to poise their firelocks. 
Every firelock was poised and the march began. They 
were guided by a boy named Beeman through a covered 
way to a gate, where a sentinel was surprised and over- 
powered ; and the Green Mountain Boys rushed through 
the gate, formed on the parade ground and roused the gar- 
rison with their huzzas. Allen was shown to the lodging 
of Captain Delaplace, the commander, of whom he de- 
manded in- 
stant surren- 
der of the 
fortress " In 
the name of 
the Great 
Jehovah and 
the Continen- 
tal Congress." 
The fort was 
su r rendered 
with its gar- 
r i s o n and 

stores. So, before the members of the second Continental 
Congress had breakfasted the first day of their session, 




Ethan Allen's capture of Fort Ticontiero^a ; the 
surprised commancier. (From old plate) 



The Revolutionary War 157 

the key to Lake Champlain and the guns at whose bidding 
General Howe was to evacuate Boston the next spring 
had been captured in its name by a band of back- 
woodsmen under the command of New York outlaws. The 
next day Crown Point was captured by a force under 
Captain Seth Warner. 

2. Americans Possess Lake Champlain. — The 
Green Mountain Boys would not have Colonel Arnold for 
their commander, but he accompanied them and entered 
the fort at Allen's side. A few days later Allen and 
Arnold formed a plan for the capture of a British vessel 
at St. Johns. They had gained possession of a schooner 
and several bateaux and with these and such a force as 
they could carry the expedition was made. Allen com- 
manded the bateaux; Arnold, the schooner. A favor- 
ing wind enabled Arnold to outsail Allen. Arnold captured 
the vessel, and, returning by the help of a changed wind, 
met Allen, who insisted on attempting to take St. Johns. 
The force proved to be insufficient and the whole party 
returned to Ticonderoga. By the capture of this vessel 
the Americans obtained control of the whole lake. 

3. Warner's First Regiment. — As soon as prac- 
ticable after their capture a force was sent from Connecti- 
cut to occupy the forts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point, 
and the Green Mountain Boys were discharged. Allen 
and others sought service for the colonies under the author- 
ity of New York, but as no reply was received Allen and 
Warner went to Philadelphia and laid their case before the 
Continental Congress. The Congress voted to pay the 
Green Mountain Boys for their service at Ticonderoga 
and recommended the colony of New York to authorize 
the formation of a regiment on the New Hampshire 
Grants under officers of their own choice. With this 
recommendation and a letter from the president of 



(11) 



158 



History of Vermont 



Congress, Allen and W^irner went to New York, the 
residence of their most bitter enemies, and appeared 
before the provincial congress then in session there, asking 
leave to form a regiment according to the advice of the 
Continental Congress. The regiment was at length formed 
and Seth Warner was chosen commander. 

4. Invasion of Canada. — In the early autumn an 
army was sent into Canada under the immediate com- 
mand of General Montgomery, and Warner's regiment 

made a part of it. 
While the main 
army was besieg- 
ing St. Johns, Colo- 
nel Ethan Allen 
and Major John 
Brown, who went 
to Canada with 
Peleg Sunderland 
for a guide the 
spring before, were 
sent, each with a 
small force to 
arouse the Cana- 
dians for the Amer- 
ican cause. Both 
were in the vicinity 
of Montreal, which 
was but slightly 
protected, and they 
formed a plan for 
its capture. They were to cross to the island in the night 
of September 4 and to attack the town from opposite sides 
at dawn. Allen crossed over at the time appointed, but 
Brown did not appear; and Allen, having but a small force, 




Soldiers' Mdiuiiiiliu at Manchester 

Dedicated July 4, 1905, to the soldiers ol 

all the wars 



The Revolutionary War 159 

was taken prisoner after a severe conflict and was sent to 
England. Afterwards he was sent to New York and was 
exchanged in May, 1778. 

Warner's regiment did good service near Montreal and 
at the mouth of the Richeheu River during the siege of 
St. Johns and until the capture of Montreal by General 
Montgomery, soon after which it was honorably discharged 
from the service. After he had secured Montreal, Mont- 
gomery proceeded to Quebec, where he joined Colonel 
Arnold who with great difficulty had marched through 
the wilderness of Maine. An attempt to take Quebec 
by storm on the last night of the year resulted in a dis- 
astrous defeat of the Americans and in the loss of General 
Montgomery killed and of Colonel Arnold wounded. The 
command of the defeated army devolved upon General 
Wooster of Connecticut, who, by personal letter, asked 
Warner to raise a Green Mountain Corps and come to 
his assistance. Warner and his friends responded 
promptly and were of great service, especially in protect- 
ing the rear of the retreating army which reached 
Ticonderoga in June. Again Warner and his men were 
discharged. 

5. A Continental Regiment. — The day after the 
adoption of the Declaration of Independence, Congress 
resolved to organize under its own authority a regiment 
of regular troops under officers who had served in 
Canada. Warner was made commander of the regi- 
ment and the other officers were mostly men of the New 
Hampshire Grants who had served with him before. 
The regiment was continued with Warner in command 
until 1 78 1. 

6. On Lake Champlain, 1776. — For several 
months of 1776, there was a navy yard at each end of 
Lake Champlain. The British under General Carleton 



i6o History of Vermont 

at St. Johns and the Americans under General Arnold 
at Skenesboro were making everj' effort to build and 
equip a fleet with which to control the lake. Arnold 
moved towards his enemy first, but the British fleet was 
the stronger. In a severe battle, fought October 1 1 
between Valcour Island and the New York shore, 
Arnold's fleet was severely crippled. During the night 
he sailed away to the south without attracting the enemy's 
attention. Pursuit began as soon as Arnold's escape was 
known to the enemy. Soon the British thought they 
sighted his vessel through the dawning light and fired upon 
it. Their two largest ships poured broadsides into it until 
the increasing light showed them that the rock, since known 
as Carleton's prize, was receiving no damage. Meanwhile, 
Arnold was moving south as fast as he could. The 
British overtook the American vessels and Arnold fought 
them with a part of his ships while the rest were making 
their way toward Ticonderoga. At last finding himself 
quite overpowered he ran his ships aground near the 
mouth of Otter Creek and set them on fire, escaping with 
his men to the shore. General Carleton took possession of 
Crown Point and threatened Ticonderoga. General 
Gates, commander of the American forces at Ticonderoga, 
called on the militia for assistance. The New Hampshire 
Grants furnished two regiments that a few weeks later, 
after General Carleton had retired to Canada, were dis- 
missed with honor by General Gates. 

7. Campaign of 1777. — In 1775 the Americans 
drove the British from Lake Champlain, captured 
Montreal and besieged Quebec. The next year the 
Americans were driven from Canada and up the lake to 
Ticonderoga. For the campaign of 1777, the British 
had planned the recovery of the Champlain-Hudson 
valley and the establishment of a line of posts from 
the St. Lawrence River to the New York Bay, by which 
the confederate colonies would be divided and co-operation 



The Revolutionary War i6i 

between the New England colonies and those beyond the 
Hudson River would be prevented. To this end an army 
of more than seven thousand veteran troops, the best that 
Europe could furnish, with Indians, Canadians and Tories 
enough to make the number ten thousand, under the com- 
mand of General Burgoyne, was to move up the lake from 
Canada, and a sufficient force was to move from New 
York up the Hudson River to meet the army of Bur- 
goyne. The British army encountered no opposition until 
it reached Ticonderoga. Here the fortifications were ex- 
tensive. To the original fort another had been added 
on Mount Independence in the town of Orwell, Vermont. 
Communication between these was maintained by means 
of a floating bridge. Both were within cannon shot of 
the top of Mount Defiance, which rises above them 
toward the west. These works were occupied by an inadequate 
force under General St. Clair. The British landed on 
both sides of Lake Champlain and, on the west, gained 
possession of the road to Lake George. Still General St. 
Clair thought he could defend himself against their assault 
until, just a year and a day after the Declaration of In- 
dependence, he saw the enemy in possession of Mount 
Defiance. They were constructing a battery. St. 
Clair's immediate decision was to retreat, and in this his 
chief officers concurred. Soon after midnight the occu- 
pants of Fort Ticonderoga crossed the bridge to Mount 
Independence, and before daylight the march from Mount 
Independence by way of Hubbardton and Castleton toward 
Skenesboro had begun. 

8. Hubbardton. — Colonel Warner had arrived the 
day before the evacuation with some nine hundred men, 
mostly Green Mountain Boys, and with Colonel 
Francis of Massachusetts and Colonel Hale of New 
Hampshire was placed in the rear of the retreating 
army. General St. Clair with the main army reached 
Castleton the evening of July 6. Colonels Warner, 



l62 



History of Vermont 



nV 



Francis and Hale c-iicampcd the same night on a ridge in 
the easterly part of Hubbardton. Early the next morning 
they were attacked by a superior force under General 
Eraser. Colonel Hale withdrew with his regiment. 
Colonels Warner and Francis sustained the attack. For 

three hours the battle 
raged. Both sides 
fought obstinately 
and the advantage 
was with the Ameri- 
cans until the British 
received a large re- 
inforcement of Ger- 
man troops, who came 
singing their battle 
hymns louder than 
the sound of the 
musketry. Colonel 
Francis had been 

Hubbardton battleground; copied from plan made for JfiHed and Colonel 

British report of battle. A. Road to Caslleton. B. 

British troops. O. American troops. F. British troops. Wj^j-fj^j- dirCCtcd llis 
American loss. ?24: British loss, 185. British vic- 
tory. Date. July 7,1777. ( From old plate.) SoldicrS tO look OUt 

for themselves and to 
meet him at Manchester. The loss was heavy on both 
sides, that of the Americans in killed, wounded and 
prisoners amounted to more than three hundred. A 
monument has been erected on the spot where Colonel 
Francis fell. 

Colonel Hale and a portion of his regiment were 
overtaken and made prisoners during the day and the arms 
of the prisoners were stacked in the woods for want of 
transportation. 

9. St. Ci-.air and Warner. — The enemy reached 
Skenesboro before General St. Clair reached Castleton, 
and in consequence, with the remnant of his army, he 




The Revolutionary War 



163 




marched by way of Rutland, Dorset and Arlington to 
Fort Edward. Colonel Warner collected his forces at 
Manchester. 

10. At the Head of Lake Champlain. — General 
Burgoyne reached the head of Lake Champlain in triumph. 
A renowned fortress had been taken, 
the army that was to defend it had 
been scattered, its stores had been 
captured. The army in front was 
believed to be weak both in numbers 
and in fighting capacity. But miles 
of swampy woodland along Wood 
Creek and beyond it were to 
be passed ; and to the natural diffi- 
culties of the country the Americans 
were adding others every hour 
by breaking down bridges and 
felling trees so as to render both 
the roads and the creek impas- 
sable until they had been cleared 

with great labor. Provisions for the army were 
disappearing. Means of transportation were scanty. Fresh 
supplies must be brought from Quebec or procured from 
the enemy. Large stores were reported to have been 
gathered at Bennington. Burgoyne's army needed the 
stores. The loss of them would cripple the Americans. 
Moreover, Bennington was in New England, that hot-bed 
of rebellion, towards which Burgoyne and his King cher- 
ished a peculiar hatred. So Colonel Baum was sent 
towards Bennington with a thousand men, Germans, 
Tories and Indians, and Colonel Breyman was posted with- 
in supporting distance with nearly as large a force. Colonel 
Baum was directed after the capture of Bennington to send 
an expedition to the Connecticut River and to scour the 
country on both sides of the mountains. 



The Hubbardton 
battle monument 



164 



History of Vermont 



II. The New Englanders. — Stark. — The New 
Englanders were not idle. Warner had sent to all 
parts of Vermont for recruits. His efforts were aided by 
the Vermont Council of Safety and by a convention of 
delegates that was sitting at Windsor when Burgoyne 
reached Ticonderoga. Application for help was made to 
New Hampshire, whose legislature responded promptly by 
the appointment of John Stark as a Brigadier General and 
by provision for calling out and equipping the militia. 
Stark had gained credit as a leader of rangers during the 
second French and Indian War, and had fought with dis- 
tinction at Bunker Hill and in New Jersey. In his own 
New Hampshire, Stark was a name to conjure with. At his 

call the farmers, more in num- 
ber than were asked for, came 
with gun and powder horn to 
his headquarters at Charles- 
town by the Connecticut 
River. 

12. Bennington. — July 30, 
1 777, Stark had alreadysent two 
detachments of his brigade to 
Manchester. Thursday, Au- 
gust 7, he descended the moun- 
tain from Peru to Manches- 
ter; and, August 9, he reached 
Bt^nnington with his New 
Hampshire troops. Colonel 
Warner and a portion of the 
Vermont militia. Here he 
organized and drilled his men 
while his scouts scoured the 
countrv for information. Au- 



A 




Proposed memorial of Bureoync's siirrendt-r, 

October 17. 1777; drawn in 187? for Sara-guSt 1 3, neWS WaS brOUght of 
to^a Monument Association: copied from , , . ^~, 

orieinai plan. Indians plundering in Cam- 



The Revolutionary War 



165 



bridge, N. Y., and a force of two hundred men was sent 
to check them. They were found to be the advance guard 
of a larger force, and the next day Stark went forward 
to meet them. When Colonel Baum found himself in the 
presence of a force nearly as large as his own, he halted 
in an advantageous position and began to construct in- 
trenchments and sent to Colonel Breyman for reinforce- 
ments. Stark sent for Warner's regiment, which had been 
left at Manchester under the command of Lieutenant- 
Colonel Safford and whose equipment had been completed 
by the recovery of the arms of Colonel Hale's men, which 
were left in the woods five weeks before. The next day 
was very rainy and little was undertaken. The British 
strengthened their works. Stark learned the position of 
the British by his scouts and worried them by his skirm- 
ishers. Warner's men marched a part of the way from 
Manchester to Bennington. A body of volunteers from 
Western Massachusetts came in through the rain. Those 
from Pittsfield were led by their pastor, Rev. Thomas Allen, 
who wore his hair long and banged. He said to General 
Stark, "We, the people of 
Berkshire, have been frequently 
called upon to fight but have 
led against the 
have now resolved, 
not let us fight, 
never to turn out again." 

Saturday morning, August 16, the 
sky was clearing, and prepara- 
tions were made to attack the 
British in their intrenchments. 
The Americans had about six- 
teen hundred men. New 
Hampshire furnished half of General John Stark 



never been 
enemy. We 
if you will 




1 66 



History of Vermont 



these. The Vermont troops consisted of Warner and his 
reiiiinent. a corps of ran^^ers under Colonel 
Herrick, a small body of militia from the 
southeastern part of the State under Colonel Williams of 
Wilminjiton, and the militia of Bennington and 
vicinity. "Fhe remainder of the force was from 
Masvachusetts. Three hundred men were sent to 
attack the rear of the enemy's right, and as many 
more to attack the rear of his left. Three hundred others 
were to attack the extreme right of the enemy, and Stark 
and Warner with another force advanced in front. The 
battle began at three o'clock in the afternoon and continued 




In 1848, last survivors of Battle of Bennington — Ben Harwood, 
David Robinson, Abisha Kingsley, Aaron Robinson, Samuel Fay, 
Samuel Safford: Ben Harwood was first male child born in Ben- 
nington; David Robinson was brother of Governor Moses Robinson; 
Samuel Safford was first man to scale Tory breastworks at battle ot 
Bennington. 

two hours. Stark reported: "It was the hottest I ever 
saw." The victory of Stark and his militia was com- 
plete. Nearly all of the enemy that were not kiMetl were 
taken prisoners with their arms and supplies. 



The Revolutionary War 



167 




The prisoners had scarcely been secured and sent away 
when Colonel Breyman's approach became known and the 
scattered victors were collected to oppose him. Warner's 
regiment arrived as 
the second battle be- 
gan, which lasted 
until sundown, when 
the British retreated 
and were pursued 
until dark. 

Four brass can- 
non, one thousand 
muskets and seven 
hundred and fifty 
prisoners were part 
of the trophies of 
that day. The 

American loss in 
killed was about 
thirty; that of the British was over two hundred. 

This was called the battle of Bennington because 
that was the headquarters of the American army and 
because the supplies sought by the British were stored 
there. The battlefield was in Hoosick, N. Y., quite near 
the State line. This battle was important as the first 
of a series that led to the surrender of Burgoyne's army. 
It was the turning point of the Revolutionary War as it 
led to the recognition of the independence of the United 
States by France and other European countries, and to a 
treaty with France, on account of which she assisted the 
new nation with money, fleets and armies. The victory 
of the Americans at Saratoga has been reckoned among 
the great battles of the world, but the victory at Benning- 
ton was preliminary to that of Saratoga, if not even neces- 
sary for it. 



Catamount Tavern memorial 




Bennington battle monument, 301 feet lOH inches high 



The Revolutionary War 



169 



A monument in commemoration of the Battle of Ben- 
nington has been erected at Bennington Center, near where 
the Vermont Council of Safety held its sessions for 
several years, and on ground about three hundred feet 
above the bed of the Walloomsac River. Half a mile 
distant toward the south is Mount Anthony, more than 
two thousand five hundred feet in height. The monument 
is thirty-seven feet six inches square at the base, and three 
hundred one feet ten and a half inches high. Two hun- 
dred and twenty-five feet above the base are large open- 
ings on each side with supporting pillars and protecting 
railings. 
Within, at this 
height, is a 
floor that cov- 
ers the entire 
area. Here 

is the main 
outlook. 
There are 

other outlooks 
both above 
and below the 
main one. The 
funds for the 
erection of the 
monument 

were furnished in part by private subscription, but 
chiefly by the states of Vermont, New Hampshire and 
Massachusetts, and by the federal government. The cor- 
ner stone of the monument was laid August 16, 1887. 

13. Other Military Operations. — Other military 
operations in Vermont during the Revolutionary War 
were chiefly of local importance. In 1776, General Jacob 




Bennington battle ground, from a map 
drawn for Burgoyne's Statement of the 
Expedition. The "American Volun- 
teers" were the Tories, the "enemy" the 
forces of General Stark. 



I70 



History of Vermont 



Bailey of Newbury was directed to cut a road from 
Newbury to Canada, but after he had reached a point 
a few miles beyond Peacham the work ceased on 
account of the retreat of the Americans from Canada. 
Three years afterward the road was continued by General 
Hazen some fifty miles further, ending in Westfield near 
Hazen Notch, a pass through the (ireen Mountains. This 




Burgoyne's kettle, captured October, 1777; now hanging in 
Bennington monument at entrance 



road afterward was of great use to the settlers of the towns 
through which it passed. 

A fort was maintained at Newbury during the 
war. For portions of the same period forts were 
kept up at Peacham, Corinth. Bethel and Barnard. 
These mark verv nearly the northern limit of 



The Revolutionary War 



171 



settlements east 

of the Green 

Mo u n t a i ns 

during the 

war. West of 

the mountains 

there were 

forts at Pitts- 
ford, Rutland 

and Castleton. 

Few settlers 
remained north 

of these forts 
after the re- 
treat from 
Ticonderoga in 
1777. 

14. The 
Church ILLS. 
—The Revolu- 
tionary War 

brought great hardships to many Vermont people. On 
the morning of the battle of Hubbardton, Colonel Warner 
sent men to tell Mr. Samuel Churchill, who lived near 
Warner's camp, of his danger and to assist him to escape 
with his family. The escape was prevented by the early 
beginning of the battle. After the battle the houses and 
farms of the settlement were plundered and all the men 
that could be found were taken prisoners. Mrs. Churchill, 
with three other women and four children, one a lame 
boy thirteen years old and one an infant, were left. There 
were no provisions remaining in Hubbardton; the inhab- 
itants must go or starve. Toward Castleton were the 
British and Indians. The women feared to go that way; 




Marker at terminus of old Hazen Road, 

Kazan's Notch, town of Westfield ; 

dedicated August 31, 1903 



172 



History of Vermont 




■■%.. 



(From an old book published in 1856) 



B 




- ^ i> 4J I I I 



J'.' i ajJ^' 



^^>^y c^ "v~</ jT:^ j; ■ 




The only building left after burning of Royalton b_v Indians October 
16, 1780 — still standing 



The Revolutionary War 



173 



so, with two horses and what baggage was left them, 
they traveled east to Pittsford and then took the military 
road across the mountain to Charlestown, N. H. ; thence 
they went down the Connecticut River and at length 
crossed the Green Mountains again to their old home, 
Sheffield, in the northwest corner of Massachusetts. It 
was a weary journey of three weeks. Mr. Churchill and 
a neighbor, Uriah 
Hickok, were 

made prisoners 
and taken to 
Fort Ticonder- 
oga. In a few 
weeks they 
escaped and re- 
turned to Hub- 
bardton, where 
they found only 
deserted homes 
and the rotting 
carcasses of 
slaughtered 
beasts and slain 
men. They went 
on to Castleton 
where Mr. 
Hickok found his 
wife and children. 
Mr. Churchill 
could get no news of his family and so went forward on 
foot to Sheffield. His family had arrived before him. After 
the surrender of Burgoyne they returned to Castleton, and 
the next spring to Hubbardton to begin life there again. 




Unveiling- of granite tablet on site of old Fort 
Rutland in 1901; fort built in 1776 



(12) 



174 HlSTORN' OF \'i:RM()NT 




15. RovAi.ToN Burn I'D. — In 1780 a party of 
Indians, with a few Tories com- 
manded by a sergeant of the British 
army, came up Lake Champlain and 
the Winooski River to attack New- 
bury, but, hearing that New^bury was 
well prepared for defense, they 
changed their course for Royalton, a 
flourishing settlement on the White 
River, and went through Barre and 
Chelsea to Tunbridge on the first 
branch of the White River, where 
they lay in camp for a da3\ In the 
^T::Z::::1::^:"::::r'" -^ray of the morning of Monday, 
October 16, they began their work of 
taking prisoners, plundering and destroying property in the 
south part of Tunbridge, near Royalton. At the mouth of 
the first branch in Royalton, they formed several parties 
so as to reach all parts of the settlement as quickly as 
possible. By two o'clock in the afternoon they had killed 
two men, taken twenty-six prisoners, burned twenty-one 
houses and twenty barns with their contents, and killed 
all the cattle, sheep and swine they could find. They 
captured and took with them about thirty horses. Return- 
ing to their previous encampment, they crossed the hills 
to the second branch of the White River, where, being 
overtaken in the night by a body of militia, they killed 
two prisoners and sent back a third with the word that 
they would kill all the rest if the>' were molested. No 
attack was made. The next day a deep snow covered the 
smoking ruins and desolated fields of Royalton. It was a 
sad beginning of winter for the women and children of 
that settlement, the men prisoners or killed, their houses 
and provisions burned, their horses driven away. 



The Revolutionary War 175 

The Indians had been aroused by the firing of a few 
guns on the approach of the whites and moved off in the 
early morning through Randolph, where they captured 
Zadock Steele, whose narrative of his captivity is well 
known. That day the Indians crossed the ridge to the 
Dog River in Northfield. Thence by the Winooski Rivi;r 
and Lake Champlain the prisoners were taken to Canada, 
where, after living with the Indians for a while, they were 
sold to the English at eight dollars a head. Within a 
year they were exchanged, except one who died in cap- 
tivity and one who was detained longer but afterwards 
escaped. 



Sl«-!f^ 




CDMMEMORflTtNQ 
THE BURNINq OF 

ROYALTON 

BY 

INDIANS 

OCTOBER 15. I78Q. 



A shaft of granite has recently been erected by the 
Women's Club of Rovalton in commemoration of this event. 



176 



History of Vermont 



CHAPTER IV 




The Building of the State 

OW^N GOVERNMENTS.— UNION.— ( i ) 
The early settlements in Vermont were 
mostly on lands granted by the Governor 
of the province of New Hampshire. By 
these grants the inhabitants of the townships 
severally were authorized to organize town 
governments. Such governments were organized as soon 
as the settlers became sufficiently numerous. The powers 
of the town were derived from and regulated by the 
Province. One of the early acts of the town of Benning- 
ton was a vote " to send a petition to the General Court 
of New Hampshire to raise a tax on all the lands in Ben- 
nington, resident and non-resident, to build a meeting-house 
and school-house and mills, and for highways and bridges." 
July 20, 1764, the west bank of the Connecticut River 
was declared by the King to be the boundary between New 
Hampshire and New York. New Hampshire held in abey- 
ance her claim of jurisdiction. New York claimed juris- 
diction, and claimed further that her jurisdiction was prior 
to that of New Hampshire, and that any grants made by 
New Hampshire of lands west of the Connecticut River 
were unlawful and without effect, and that any persons 
who held such lands under New Hampshire grants must 
give up the lands or purchase them again of New York, 
The settlers denied the claim of New York upon lands 
already granted by New Hampshire. As the dispute went 



The Building of the State 



177 



on they gradually rejected the claim of New York 
to jurisdiction, and so each town became an independent 



4 
PQ 




1 "5, 




1^1 




-> 




^"1 




4^ 


1 


|c 


10 




1 1 

£ 




<■ t 

>^^ 


■5-C; 


< 


s -^ 


^ 1 


10^ 




-« ^ 

i-^" 


It' 


t2 


¥ 




> E 


4 


1^2 


E 1 


10 '^ 


^ 5 






^5 


» 0.15 " 
■J J 






.5 c 

s 3 


5 i^ 


^1 


^ 1 1'^ 

3-s 


- P 




4i 


•^ ^ "C 


0- I ,t- 




6-5 


•Is 






1^ 


^ ? 

:^^^ 


; r 1 

^ 1 

ID 






> a 


4^ 




11 


"4 4" 



Plan of township of Bennington, granted January 3, 1749, by Go\ernor Benning Wentwortli of 
New Hampsliire Province to Colonel William Williams and others. 
( Copied from State papers. ) 
" It was plotted by a surveyor and chain men, upon oath unto each proprietor or grantee in equal 
shares, be their lots better or worse (except the four lots next to the town plot or site, 
which are 16 acres less measure than the other lots), as they were drawn by the agents for 
the proprietors, in Portsmouth January 10, 1749, and were entered by the secretary of said 
Province upon this plaii, each man taking his chance whose name stands in the schedule 
annexed to the grant of said township." 



government. But the people of the several towns had 
common interests and were exposed to common dangers. 
Within eight months from the promulgation of the King's 
order fixing the boundary, the settlers of southwestern Ver- 
mont had held a convention at Bennington and had chosen 



178 History of Vermont 

an agent to act for them. The need of united action did 
not become less and the towns began to appoint committees 
of safety who should correspond with committees of 
other towns and with them recommend measures for the 
public good. Ihese committees became accustomed to 
meet in convention and their resolves grew to have 
the effect of laws ami to be extended to all matters 
civil and militar\-. A few of these conventions deserve 
notice. 

2. Convention at Manchester. — Among the 
proceedings of a convention held in Manchester in 
April, 1774. was a resolve "forbidding any person to 
act as an officer under a commission from the New York 
government." 

3. Dorset, July 24, 1776. — A warrant was issued by 
a committee appointed for the purpose by a previous 
convention at Dorset, January 16, in which the inhab- 
itants of the New Hampshire Grants on the west side 
of the Green Mountains were w^arned and those on the 
east side were desired to meet by their delegates in con- 
vention at Dorset, Juh' 24. Thirty-two towns were repre- 
sented in this convention by forty-nine delegates. One of 
the tow'ns represented was Townshend, which is east of 
the mountains. Two acts of that convention should be 
remembered : 

" Reaolvcd. That application be made to the inhabi- 
tants of said grants to form the same into a separate 
District. 

" Voted, To choose a committee to treat with the inhabi- 
tants of the New Hampshire Grants on the east side the 
range of Green Mountains, relative to their associating with 
this body." 

This convention adjourned to meet at Dorset the 25th 
day of the next September. 



The Building of the State 179 

4. Dorset, September 25, 1776. — The adjourned 
meeting was attended by fifty-eight representatives from 
thirty-three towns. Eight of the towns were east of the 
mountains. At this meeting the convention 

Voted, To take the following vote, passed July 24, 
1776, into consideration (viz.), 'Proceeded to the consid- 
eration of the fifth article of the warrant, and voted that 
suitable application be made to form that District of Land 
commonly called and known by the name of the New Hamp- 
shire Grants into a separate District ; ' passed in the affirma- 
tive — not one dissenting vote." 

The people of Vermont joined very heartily in the effort 
to make the American colonies independent of Great Britain, 
but there was an opposing minority called Tories. How 
this convention regarded Tories may be learned from 
the following: 

Voted, That a sufficient gaol be built on the west side 
of the range of Green Mountains at some place that shall 
be hereafter agreed on for securing Tories.'' 

Voted, That, as it appears that the town of Arlington 
are principally Tories, yet the Friends of Liberty are 
ordered to warn a meeting and choose a Committee of Safety 
and Conduct as other towns ; if they meet with opposition 
to make application to the Committees of Safety of other 
towns for assistance." 

The convention adjourned to meet at Westminster on the 
30th of the next October. 

5. Westminster, October 30, 1776. — At this time 
there was excitement throughout the New Hampshire 
Grants. The British had advanced from Canada. The 
American flotilla on Lake Champlain had been destroyed. 
General Carleton, who commanded the British, had estab- 
lished headquarters at Crown Point. The New England 
militia were gathering for the protection of Fort Ticon- 



i8o 



History of Vermont 




deroga, upon which an attack was anticipated. The militia 
of the New Hampshire Grants responded promptly to the 
call of General Gates for assistance, and when they were 
dismissed, November 9, they received the thanks of the 

General for their spirit 
and alertness. 

One consequence of 
these movements was 
that the convention at 
Westminster was but 
thinly attended. It con- 
sisted of seventeen dele- 
gates from fifteen towns, 
nine of which were east 
of the mountains. After 
a session of three days 
the convention adjourn- 
ed to meet at West- 
minster. 

6. Westiviinster, January 15, 1777. — The conven- 
tion met according to adjournment and consisted of twenty- 
two delegates from sixteen towns, ten of which were east 
of the mountains. Three other towns reported by letter 
that their people voted in favor of a new State. Three 
votes of the convention at this meeting require our atten- 
tion. They follow: 

" Voted, That the district of land commonly called and 
known by the name of the New Hampshire Grants, be a 
new and separate State and for the future to conduct them- 
selves as such." 

" Voted, That the declaration of New Connecticut be 
inserted in the News Papers." 

" Voted, That Captain Heman Allen, Colonel Thomas 
Chandler and Nathan Clark, Esq., be a committee to 



Westminster, chartered by New Hampsliiri 
November 11, 1752 (Copied from town char 
ter records) 



The Building of the State 



prepare the Declaration for the press as soon as 
may be." 

This committee performed its duty, and as a result of 
its labors the following Declaration appeared in the Con- 
necticut Courant of March 17, 1777: 

VERMONT'S DECLARATION OF IN- 
DEPENDENCE 

" In convention of the representatives from the several 
counties and towns of the New Hampshire Grants, 
holden at Westminster, January 15, 1777, by adjourn- 
ment. 

" Whereas, The Honorable the Continental Congress 
did, on the 4th day of July last, declare the United 
Colonies in America to be free and independent of the 
crown of Great Britain ; which declaration we most cor- 
dially acquiesce in : And whereas by the said declaration 
the arbitrary acts of the crown are null and void, in 
America, consequently the jurisdiction by said crown granted 
to New York government over the people of the New 
Hampshire Grants is totally dissolved : 

" We, Therefore, The inhabitants, on said tract of land, 
are at present without law or government, and may be 
truly said to be in a state of nature; consequently a right 
remains to the people of said grants to form a government 
best suited to secure their property, well-being and happi- 
ness. We, the delegates from the several counties and 
towns on said tract of land, bounded as follows: South on 
the North line of Massachusetts Bay; East on Connecticut 
River; North on Canada line; West as far as the New 
Hampshire Grants extends: 

" After several adjournments for the purpose of forming 
ourselves into a distinct separate State, being assembled at 



i82 History of Vhrmoxt 

W'l'stniinsttT, ilo make and publish the t(jU()\\ing Declara- 
tion, viz. : 

" ' 1 hat we will, at all times hereafter, consider our- 
selves as a free and independent State, capable of regulat- 
ing our internal police, in all and every respect whatso- 
ever, and that the people on said grants have the sole and 
exclusive and inherent right of ruling and governing them- 
selves in such manner and form as in their own wisdom 
they shall think proper, not inconsistent or repugnant to 
any resolve of the Honorable Continental Congress. 

" ' Furthermore, We declare by all the ties which are 
held sacretl among men, that we will firmly stand by 
and support one another in this (jur declaration of a 
State, and in endeavoring as much as in us lies, to 
suppress all unlawful routs and disturbances whatever. 
Also we will endeavor to secure to every individual his 
life, peace and property against all unlawful invaders of 
the same. 

" ' Lastly, We hereby declare, that we are at all times 
ready in conjunction with our brethren in the United 
States of America, to do our full proportion in maintaining 
and supporting the just war against the tyrannical inva- 
sions of the ministerial fleets and armies, as well as any 
other foreign enemies, sent with express purpose to murder 
our fellow brethren, and with fire and sword to ravage our 
defenseless country. 

" ' The said State hereafter to be called by the name of 
New Connecticut.'" (In the original report were the 
words, "alias V^ermont.") 

The convention adjourned to meet at Windsor the fourth 
day of the following June. 

7. Windsor. — Fifth Meeting. — The Windsor meet- 
ing was the largest held, consisting of seventy-two delegates, 
representing forty-eight towns, of which twenty-one were 



The Building of the State 



183 



west of the mountains and the remainder east. Two towns, 
one from each side of the mountains, by letter reported 
acquiescence in the formation of a new State. The con- 
vention at this meeting re-affirmed the declaration made 
in January, changed the name of the new State to Vermont 
{Verd Mont, meaning Green Mountains), and added a 
series of reasons for the separation from New York. 

They recommended 
to the freeholders and 
inhabitants of each 
town in the State to 
choose delegates to at- 
tend a general con- | 
vention in Windsor on ^ 
the second day of July, *:! 
then next, to choose | 
delegates to attend ^ 
the General Congress, 
a Committee of Safety 
and to form a consti- 
tution for the State. 
They also appointed 
a Day of Fast- 
ing and Prayer and appointed a committee to go to Ticon- 
deroga and consult with regard to the defense of the fron- 
tier. This was the last meeting of the Convention that 
declared the independence of Vermont. 




Windsor, chartered July 6. 1761 
(Copied from charter records) 



8. Constitutional Convention. — First Meeting. — 
A convention of delegates from the towns met at Windsor, 
July 2, 1777, to form a constitution for the new State. 
The cor^stitution of Pennsylvania, then recently amended, 
was presented to the convention as a model and was 
adopted with a few changes, some of which were important. 



1 84 



History of Vermont 



IVovision was made for an election of State officers and a 
legislature in the December following, and for the legisla- 
ture to meet a month later. A committee of safety was 
chosen to conduct affairs until the new government should 
be organized. 

g. Constitutional Convention. — Second Meet- 
ing. — The summer and autumn of 1777 were even more 
troubled than were those of 1776. While the conven- 
tion was sitting the evacuation of Ticonderoga and the 
battle of Hubbardton occurred. Bennington and 
Saratoga followed. The people of Vermont bore their 
full share, both of toil and of suffering, in these events. 
And in consequence the new constitution was not 

^ published and 

'^' "' distributed in 

season for an 
election in 
December. 
Accordingly 
the conven- 
t i o n was 
called t o- 
gether again, 
at W^indsor, 
December 24, 
by the Coun- 
cil of Safety, 
and the con- 




oid C'oiibtitution House, Windsor, 1777 
State government organized here, March 1778 



stitution was amended by providing for an election on the 
3d day of March and for the first meeting of the legisla- 
ture, Tuesday, March 12, 1778, at Windsor. 

10. The New Government Organized. — The 
election was held and the legislature met according to ap- 



The Building of the State 



185 



pointment. The new State was organized with Thomas 
Chittenden as Governor, and with an able legislature and 
council. The State was not formed in a time of peace nor 




Colonists grinding corn (From an old plate; 



with the acquiescence of all men. There had been enemies 
without and foes within, and so it continued for several 
years more. Truly the ship was built in a tempestuous 
season and was launched on a stormy sea. 




Nature's Mirror " — \\'ater Shadows in Otter Creek 



1 86 



Hl.sl()R^ OF \'i;r.m()nt 



't vt ii 



CONSTITUTIC^ 



O * T M B 



S T A T E 



r E R M O 



Ai t'%r ATI t.t iKtta srv TKft 

GENERAL CO-NVJENTlO 

I.; 'Lw tax TWA'. ru»»»os». Arto Hftp A» 

."' ' t N D S O R, 

] -J L V ad, t■J■}^, 
«.sD rojiTjHfii* »r AP/oe^KKifrr t<i 
PEC bMlB 5 R 2f, »777- ' 

// . J R r F O R _fip : 
i»riJifcd by WATSON anp QQQpWJff: 

This page of first Constitution of Vermont. 



Independent Sovereignty 



187 



CHAPTER V 




Independent Sovereignty 

EVELOPMENT.— I. We have seen that 
the settlers on the New Hampshire Grants 
refused to re-purchase their lands from the 
Province of New York. In the main- 
tenance of that refusal they were led to deny 
the civil jurisdiction of New York. This 

denial of jurisdiction in its turn led to the formation of 

a State government. 

2. Parties to the Contest. — The contention of 
the settlers at first was against the Province of New York. 
Both parties appealed to the King with results already 
related. At the beginning of the American Revolution, 
the provincial government of New York was displaced by 
a revolutionary government. The Province of New York 
became the State of New York. The State claimed all the 
territory and all the rights of its predecessor, the Province, 
including all its authority and rights in the New Hamp- 
shire Grants. 

3. Appeal to Congress. — Vermont, having organized 
a government in opposition to that authority, appeared by 
its agents before the Continental Congress asking for recog- 
nition as an independent State. Vermont had been settled 
chiefly from Massachusetts and Connecticut and was in 
complete sympathy with their institutions and aspirations. 
It would find friends in those States. V^ith New Hamp- 
shire the inhabitants of the Grants had been on good terms. 



i88 History of Vermont 

No opposition was anticipated from that State. The 
Green Mountain Boys had done good service in behalf of 
American independence, and were likely to find friends 
among American patriots everywhere. The States varied 
greatly in size; New York being so large that some of the 
States would willingly see her diminished. There were 
conflicting land claims. Virginia claimed the territory ex- 
tending from the southern boundary of Kentucky to the 
Great Lakes and westward to the Mississippi River. New 
York claimed the same territory, and Massachusetts and 
Connecticut each claimed so much of it as would be found 
between the northern and southern boundary lines of those 
States, severally, if they were extended due west to the 
Mississippi. Maryland demanded that the territory west 
of the Appalachian Mountains should be surren- 
dered to the Union, and refused to ratify the Articles of 
Confederation until it should be done. Here were con- 
flicting interests to be set over against one another. The 
Vermonters argued that by the withdrawal of royal author- 
ity they were left without a government, as their annexa- 
tion to New York had been effected by a royal decree which 
was of no effect after the colonies became independent of 
the King. So there were reasons good and poor for think- 
ing that Congress would at once recognize the claimant 
State. 

4. Obstacles. — But Congress was an assembly of 
States by their representatives. Each State had become 
independent by throwing off British rule. They entered 
the Congress as equals with the boundaries and the 
possessions they had before held as colonics. New York 
was in Congress by her delegates. She was an impor- 
tant member of the confederacy and was watchful for 
the maintenance of her power. The claim that a dissatis- 
fied portion of a State might withdraw from the State at 



Independent Sovereignty 189 



its own will was a dangerous doctrine that, once admitted, 
might spread indefinitely; indeed a portion of New Hamp- 
shire was already agitating for such a withdrawal, and 
before the question of the admission of Vermont to the Union 
was settled, Frankland, in what is now East Tennessee, and 
Kentucky and Maine were agitating the same question. Is it 
surprising that the action of Congress was neither prompt 
nor consistent? 

5. Annexation. — Some Results. — The constitution 
of Vermont was very democratic. Those of New York 
and New Hampshire were less so, and this reason with 
others led portions of the people living adjacent to Ver- 
mont in both those States to apply for admission to Ver- 
mont. At the same time a plan was proposed by other 
parties to divide Vermont between New York and New 
Hampshire upon the line of the Green Mountains. 
Vermont accepted the proposals of annexation and admitted 
to her legislature the representatives of forty-five New 
Hampshire towns and ten New York districts. In October, 
1 78 1, the legislature of Vermont met in Charlestown, 
N. H., and as no Lieutenant-Governor had been elected 
by the people Elisha Paine of Lebanon, N. H., was chosen 
for that oflRce by the legislature. In the same year there 
was disturbance in the territory annexed from New York. 
Partisans of Vermont and partisans of New York, all in- 
habitants of the annexed districts, confronted each other 
near the junction of the Walloomisac and Hoosac rivers. 
The New York authorities ordered reinforcements for the 
New York party, upon which Governor Chittenden sent 
a Vermont regiment to the scene of the disturbance, on 
whose arrival the New York troops withdrew, leaving the 
country in possession of Vermont. 

6. Congress Resolves. — Meanwhile, August 20, 17-81, 
Congress by resolution had expressed their readiness to 



(13) 



igo History of Vermont 

recognize the independence of Vermont if she would give 
up her annexed territories. General Washington wrote an 
urgent letter to the Vermonters recommending the course 
demanded by Congress. With this recommendation Ver- 
mont complied. 

7. Resistance Overcome. — In the account of the 
Dorset convention of September, 177O, we saw that there 
were Tories in Vermont and that provision was made to 
control them. So now in the southeasterly part of the 
State there were adherents of the New York government 
who resisted the authority of Vermont until a sufficient force 
of militia was sent to scatter them. A portion of this 
force remained until it became evident that further opposi- 
tion to the authority of Vermont was useless. In the early 
spring of 1782 resistance ceased. 

8. New York Appeals to Congress. — In March, 
>!784, the legislature of New York, moved by the appeals 
tif persons who because of resistance to Vermont author- 
ity had been driven from their homes, demanded of Con- 
gress a decision of the dispute, and, June 3, a committee 
appointed to examine the matter anew reported a resolu- 
tion declaring " that the district of territory lying on the 
west side of Connecticut River called Vermont, and the 
people inhabiting the same be, and they are hereby, recog- 
nized and declared to be a free, sovereign and independent 
State, by the name of the State of Vermont." 

9. No Action on the Report. — This report was 
never acted on. The action of Congress in the matter had 
ceased to have much interest for Vermonters, and it was 
not likely to be favorable to New York. 

10. Vermont Content. — Vermont now had large areas 
of unoccupied and fertile land, and a well-organized govern- 
ment whose authorit>- was unquestioned by her people. 



Independent Sovereignty 



191 





l-IKCK. (KK \ KU~i:. ,> 



She became to southern New England what the West after- 
wards became to all New England. She made rapid strides 
in population and in wealth. She was founding 
new towns and building highways and schools and churches. 
She provided 
for the coin- 
ing of money 
(coppers) 
and for a pos- 
tal system with 
a Postmaster- 
General. In 
1 790 she had 
five postoffices : 

at Rutland, Vermom cem of 1776 

Bennington, 
Brattleboro, 
Windsor and 
Newbury. At 
the same time 
the United 
States had 
seventy - fi v e 
postoffices. 
The two sys- ,, ,,^ , 

Vermont cent of 1785 

tems made connection at Albany, N. Y. Since the acknow- 
ledgment of her jurisdiction by all the inhabitants of her 
territory in 1782, Vermont had been content with her 
position. 

II. New York Anxious. — But partly because of 
strife among the States with respect to the location of 
the national capital, partly because Kentucky was 
likely to be admitted as a State at an early day, and 
partly because in the view of most men there was no 





192 History of Vermont 

hope that V^crniont could ever be re-united to New 
York, a strong party in New \'ork had become anxious 
for the acknowledgment of the independence of Vermont, 
and bills providing for such acknowledgment passed the 
New \'ork assembly in 1787 and in February, 1789. Both 
were defeated in the senate, but at another session in July, 
1789, a law was enacted providing for a commission with 
authority to negotiate with Vermont and " declare the 
consent of the legislature " to the erection of Vermont into 
a State. 

12. Vermont Responds. — To this overture Ver- 
mont responded in October of the same year by the appoint- 
ment of commissioners empowered to treat with any com- 
missioners appointed or to be appointed by the State of 
New York, provided that they should not diminish the 
limits of the State of Vermont as then existing, nor oblige 
any persons holding lands under grants from New Hamp- 
shire or Vermont to give up their claims, nor " subject the 
State of Vermont to make any compensation to different 
persons claiming possession, under grants made by the late 
Province and now State of New York, of lands situate and 
being in the State of Vermont and within the jurisdiction 
of the same." 

13. Vermont Seeks a Guaranty. — When the 
commissioners met it was found that the commissioners 
of New York had no authority to bind their State to 
answer to the claimants of lands under the New York 
grants, and the negotiation was broken off until the New 
York legislature granted authority to their commissioners 
not only to relinquish the jurisdiction of New York over 
the territory of Vermont, but also to provide for securing 
the titles to lands therein against persons claiming the same 
lands under grants from the State of New York. For 
this guaranty by the State of New York that no claim 



Independent Sovereignty 193 



should be brought against the holders of Vermont lands 
in consequence of grants of lands in Vermont by New 
York, it was agreed that Vermont should pay to New York 
the sum of thirty thousand dollars. 

14. Final Action of Vermont. — An act providing 
for the payment of thirty thousand dollars to New York 
was passed by the legislature of Vermont in October, 1790. 




Copy of an old map. Vermont in 1790 was not recognized on tlie 

m.ap and Maine was. called Mass. In 1791 Vermont was 

admitted into Union 



The constitution of the United States was adopted for 
Vermont January 10, 1791, by a convention called at Ben- 
nington for that purpose. 

15. Action of the United States. — February 18, 
1 79 1, George Washington, President of the United States, 
approved an act which declared that " on the fourth day 
of March, 1791, the said State by the name and style of 
Vermont shall be received into this Union as a new and 
entire member of the United States of America;" and one 
week later the President approved an act which declared 



194 HlSTOR\ OF \'l-R.MO.\T 

that until the Rrprcst'iitatixcs in Congress shall be ap- 
portioned according to an actual enunicration of the 
inhabitants of the United States, WTniont shall be entitled 
to choose two representatives." By another act of Con- 
f^ress the laws of the United States so far as locally appli- 
cable were extended to Vermont and the State was 
constituted a judicial district with a district judge to be 
resident therein and a customs district with a port of entry 
at Alburg. 

lb. The Population of Vermont. — Vermont re- 
tained her two representatives under the apportionment 
made in accordance with the census completed in 1791. 
The number of inhabitants at that time was 85,539, found 
in one hundred eighty-five towns. More than 77,000 of 
these were south of the Winooski and Wells rivers. The 
most populous town north of those rivers was Danville, 
population 574. 7"he five most populous towns in the 
State were Guilford, 2,432; Bennington, 2,377; Shafts- 
bury, 1,999; Putney, 1,848; Powmal, 1,746. Twenty-three 
towns each had more than one thousand inhabitants and 
each of one hundred towns had more than three hundred 
inhabitants. Of twenty-one towns south of a line drawn 
west from the mouth of White River each had a larger 
population in 1 791 than in 1900. 

17. The Legislature. — During the thirteen years 
of the separate independence of Vermont, hei legislature 
met tW'Cnty-eight times, and in one year, 1781, there were 
four sessions. From 1788, one session a year was the rule 
until 1870; since that time one session in two years has 
been the rule. Previous to 179 1 the legislature had met 
in eight Vermont towns and in Charlestown, N. H., and 
previous to 1808 it had met in fourteen Vermont towns. 
Fourteen sessions were held in Windsor, eight in Benning- 
ton, seven in Rutland. Montpelier, which became the per- 



Independent Sovereignty 



195 




u a Court t^ticet. 

c C'ciuit lliitisc. 

ci MetluHlist fliapcl. 

e e i;lm Strrct 

it IJniver^alist Chnpol. 

h First (y(ins. clmrcli. 

n n State Strciji. 

MaiiH! Strt.'Ol. 

s VVtirri'ii St. w ravlllioii. 

1 8i'(\te Home, 
fl Acailfniy- . 

7 Sijcoml ('(mg. ciiurcli. 
y Uyioii IIo\isp. 

dJi 



The ground plan of Montpelier village, 
1840; population, 1720; township 
granted October 21, 1870. (Copied 
from an old plate.) 



manent capital of the 
State in 1808, by act of 
Legislature of 1805, was 
the sixteenth town and 
the fifteenth Vermont 
town in which the 
legislature met. 

18. Counties. — 
By the legislature at 
its first session in 
1778, the State was 
divided into two coun- 
ties, Bennington west 
and Cumberland east 
of the Green Moun- 
tains. Before 1791, 
seven counties had been 

established, and the next year the number was increased to 
eleven. 

19. Roads. — The construction of roads was a slow 
process, and although the selectmen of the towns were 
by law directed to require four days' labor annually on the 
roads from every able-bodied man between sixteen and 
sixty years of age, ministers only excepted, roads were no- 
where good, and often they were mere bridle-paths along 
which the traveler was guided by marked trees. The first 
wagon in Montpelier was brought there from Vergennes 
in the summer of 1789. There was only a bridle path 
from Williston and trees had to be cut down and logs 
removed in many places. Above Waterbury the path led 
over a high rock that filled all the space between the river 
and the mountain. The wagon was drawn to the top 
of the rock and was let down by attaching it to the tops 
of some small trees and swinging it by bending those trees 



196 



History of Vermont 




Wagons and carriages of ye olden time 



within reach of 
the tops of 
others, to which 
it was fastened, 
then by bending 
those the wagon 
was let down 
upon the ground 
below. 

20. Church ES. — Churches were established early in 
the larger settlements, liefore the end of 1791 there 
were forty-six organized Congregational churches, thirty- 
five Baptist, eight Episcopalian and a few Quaker 
churches. Three associations of Congregational ministers 
and three Baptist associations had been formed ; and the 
Episcopalians had organized the Diocese of Vermont. 

21. Church and State. 
— At that time towns were 
allowed to lay and collect 
taxes for building houses of 
worship and for the support 
of preaching. So questions 
concerning locating, building 
and repairing meeting-houses 
and hiring ministers were de- 
termined in town meeting, and to hire and pay the minister 
was often the duty of the selectmen. 

Tithing-men to keep order in and about places of 
public worship were chosen with other officers at the 
March meetings, and sometimes choristers were chosen in 
town meeting. 

22. Education. — Schools were established almost as 
soon as settlements were made in Vermont. The consti- 




The tithing-man in 
church 



Independent Sovereignty 



197 



tution of 1777 declared that one or more schools ought 
to be maintained in every town and that there ought to 




"Righte learned is ye Pedagogue, 
Fulle apt to reade and spelle, 
And eke to teache ye parts of speeche, 
And strap ye urchins welle." — Saxe. 



be a grammar school for ever}' 
the State. After the adoption 
vious to any legislation on the 
went on doing as they 
had done before, as- 
sessing and collecting 
taxes for the support 
of schools and divid- 
ing their territory into 
school districts as they 
thought convenient, or 
neglecting to do so. 
By the terms of the 
Ne\A- Hampshire 
grants, lands had been 
set apart in the sev- 
eral towns for the use 
of schools. In the Vermont 
forgotten. In most of them 



county and a university for 
of the constitution and pre- 
subject of schools, the towns 




Schoolmaster of 1776 — Next! 

"Daye after daye, for little paye, 
He teacheth what he can, 
And bears ye yoke, to please 

ye folke, 
And ye Committee-man." — Saxe. 

grants the schools were not 
lands were reserved for the 



ig8 



History of \'ermoxt 



town schools, for county grammar schools, and for a uni- 
versity. Previous to 1791 towns had been authorized by 
the le.Liishiture to raise money for the support of schools, 
and a tract of twenty-three thousand acres of land had 
been granted to Dartmouth College and named Wheeloclc 
in honor of the president of the college. 

Before the University of Vermont was incorporated 
and located at Burlington, schools of the secondary or 

academic grade had 
been established in Ben- 
nington, Norwich and 
Castleton ; and in Danby, 
Jacob Eddy, the Quaker, 
was keeping an annual 
fall term of school for 
teachers. A newspaper, 
the Vermont Gazette, 
was published in Ben- 
nington, and another, 
the Vermont Journal, 
was issued from Wind- 
sor. Poultney had 
already a town library, 
and others were begun 
soon after. 

The mental force of the 

Vermonters of that period 

is sufficiently evident from their success in the establishment 

and maintenance of an independent and prosperous State 

against powerful opposition. 

23. Experiments. — There were other signs of intel- 
lectual activity. About 1791, Captain Samuel Morey of 
Fairlee constructed a steamboat, which he exhibited first 
■on the Connecticut River and then transferred to a lake 




The original building of the Uni- 
versity of Vermont at Burlington ; 
built in 1801; was 160 feet long, 
75 feet wide, cost $35,<x)o; con- 
tained chapel, 6 large rooms, 46 
students' rooms ; occupied by Am- 
erican army in 1814 



Independent Sovereignty i99 



near by, later called Morey Lake. He afterwards showed 
his invention to friends of Robert Fulton in New York. 
Mr. Dana, in his history of Woodstock, tells of one who 
" was a great apple-tree man, and, in carrying out his 
propensity in this direction, he experimented some years to 
make apple-trees grow wrong side up, so as to produce fruit 
without seeds and cores. Once he set two scions he was 
certain were of the kind he was endeavoring to produce. 
These scions did not bear fruit for years. Finally they 
blossomed, and a few apples matured, long and slim, with 
two cores instead of one, after which further experiment 
in this direction was given up." Recent experiments, how- 
ever, in producing new forms of plant life, vindicate the 
intelligence of the " apple-tree man." 

24. Hardships. — The settlers in the booming new 
country faced hardships enough. Bartholomew Durkee 
came from Pomfret, Connecticut, to Pomfret, Vermont, vi^ith 
his wife and five children. After spending a night at the 
house nearest their own, the family traveled six miles on 
snow-shoes, drawing their household goods on a hand-sled 
and found their house the sixth day of March doorless, 
windowless, roofless. During that same month James 
Mead, with a wife, ten children and a son-in-law, jour- 
neyed, some on foot, some on horseback, some in a sleigh, 
from Manchester to Rutland. Their house was built 
beside a stream which had overflowed and so filled the 
house with water and ice that it was uninhabitable. A 
party of Indians nearby gave up their wigw^am to the 
white people, building a new^ one for themselves, A widow 
Story lived on the bank of the Otter Creek and near what 
is now the village of Middlebury. She made an opening 
in the forest for a little farm and, to save herself and 
numerous children from molestation on the part of Indians 



200 



History of Vermont 



and lawless 
wood rangers, 

she was ac- 
customed to 
occupy an 
excavation 
CO nstructed 
by herself and 
approached by 
a tunnel 
from the 
river bank. 

25. Plenty 
AND Scar- 
city. — The 
land was very 
productive so 
that there was 
generally an 

Monument on site of Ann Story's home at Salisbury, abundance of 
erected July 27, 1905 r , r 1 

food after the 

first clearings had been made. The chief food products 
were corn, rye, wheat, potatoes, peas, beans, garden vegetables 
and pork ; and in their season fish and game were plenty. 
In a few bad years there was general scarcity. Mr. Tucker, 
the historian of Hartford, saj's: "Tradition informs us 
that in 1780 the settlers suffered greatly for food." Ten 
vears later the scarcity in Middlebury was such that " many 
subsisted on the roots of leeks gathered in the woods, and 
some stripped the bark from oak trees, the inner bark of 
which they boiled and converted into food." Mills 
were scarce. The early settlers of Hubbardton went 
twelve miles through the woods on a bad road to mill 
with their grain ; those of Waterbury went twenty-five 
miles. 





Independent Sovereignty 201 

26. Dress. — The people dressed plainly, and in 
some respects we should think not comfortably. They 
wore little but the products of their farms and of their 
household labor. The girls spun and the mothers wove 
from wool of their own flannels for their winter 
wear, and from their own flax neat linen checks for 
their summer gowns and aprons. The men wore tow 
cloth for summer and 

home-made woolens for 

winter. Children went 

barefoot in summer and 

often in winter. Many 

women went barefoot at 

home, and men protected 

their feet with undressed ^fi^ 

leather for lack of boots xhe spinning wheel 

and shoes. 

27. The Duke of Kent. — While Congress was 
enacting the laws by which the admission of Vermont 
to the Union was completed. Prince Edward, the fourth 
son of George III, afterward Duke of Kent and the 
father of Queen Victoria, passed through the new State 
on his way from Canada to Boston. He was a young 
man of twenty-four years who had for some time been 
in command of a regiment in Quebec. He reached Lake 
Champlain on the west side and crossed on the ice to 
Burlington with a large party where he remained several 
days. There the party divided, some going toward New 
York and some returning to Canada. The prince went 
toward Boston by way of the Winooski valley to Mont- 
pelier, where he spent a night, and thence he crossed the 
divide to the White River. So British royalty traversed 
essentially the same route so often used by Indians and 



202 



History of Vermont 



raiders many years before, and used now for travel and 
the transportation of frei.^lit. 







Early settler combing wool 



28. Matthew Lyon. — Towartl the close of the 
eighteenth century the alien and sedition laws passed 
by Congress met with pronounced disfavor in the South- 
ern states; and, although V^er- 
mont had been independent 
and somewhat defiant, still 
she not only acquiesced in 
the enactments, but rather 
championed the right of 
Congress to pass such laws. 
I '^ > Soon, however, an applica- 

.1^. i^£' '. xi-sri-"^ ^. ^^^^ "^ them within the 
bounds of the State created 
considerable warmth of feel- 
ing, for Matthew Lyon, a mem- 
ber of Congress from Vermont, had been adjudged guilty 
of their violation through a rather free arraignment of the 
administration of President Adams and was imprisoned at 
Vergennes four months and caused to pay a fine of $1000. 
While in jail he was re-elected to Congress and his fine 
was paid by contribution on the part of citizens and friends. 
Lyon was of Irish birth, he came to America at thirteen 
years of age, his passage indenture was bought by one of 
the pioneers of Danville, a pair of steers was given in pay- 
ment and L3on was accustomed to swear " by the bulls that 
redeemed me." For his second wife he married a 
daughter of Governor Chittenden ; and after his second 
term in Congress he removed to Kentucky, represented 
that State in Congress, and died in Arkansas shortly 
after being elected congressional delegate from that 
territorv. 



Early Development 



203 



CHAPTER VI 



Early Development 

EGINNINGS MADE.— The twenty years 
following the admission of Vermont into 
the Union were eminently years of progress. 
She had already made good beginnings in 
all departments of civilized life. There 
were settlements in three-fourths of her towns. 
Along the New York border and the shore of Lake 
Champlain there was a settlement in every towm from 
Massachusetts to Canada. Beside the Connecticut River 
but one town had no inhabitants. Pine logs cut on the 





Connecticut River at North Thetford, looking south 

" Still does the river roll between 
Flowery banks and meadows green." — Dorr 



204 



History of V'ermont 



bank of the Connecticut were rolled into tiie stream and 
floated to market in Massachusetts and Connecticut and the 
export of lumber from the Champlain valley to Quebec and 



Cong^fs of the United States : 

iJcgim Had held at the Cily of Philajclphii, ■ i 

" ; i;!:iyTli(? (ixth of bi.temhci'.'oric vbou- 

liuid fcvcn hundred and, ninety. 



X HE itiic nf ".-.rrwuf iKvlnj i.,^iMont.i cht Con; rctt..(.e '..i- 
iniuea* jiieniba of ihe United Sutcj, Bt li eiu^lal 4/ iti SesATt 
amfHovit rf RiP««ixtiTivt« tftlx UaiteJ Siala cf Amriia i,-. 
Citigrefi afimiUJ, ailil il u bcrtb] tmHtd mut itelareJ, Thai on the 
rouitk-tU; of Miich, one thuutitij fcvcn hundred »nd ninttyom:, 
tlK rja siaK, by the i)xiic ini (lile of " *< Sine '-r vcrmoit." 
Biill btrtceived and admilicd inlo iWi Onion, j 
member of thtUnilcd^talei of Amcricj. . • . 

VREDERltK AUGUSTUS MUHLENBEBC, 

S,':iiktT If tit Hcaft ifRtfrtfinMiKJ. 

II illN ADAMS, VufPrrfJiTil tflhc.ViiiicJ Stan, 

atlA PrifiUl^l if :' : S-v;h. 
ApfROViD, February the eightftaith, 1791. 

GEORGE WASHINGTON, Prefidcri ., 

-iSirfmtTrii jmonf ilie 1l«li.« in ihe Ofncf oflheS. , 



■'^f- 



Act of Adnli^sioll ol \'eiinont, 1791 ; at Secretary of State's office, 
Montpelier 

Montreal had already begun. The trees cut in clearing 
the land for cultivation were most easilv removed by burn- 



Early Development 205 

ing, and from the ashes pot and pearl ashes were manu- 
factured for export in nearly every town. The people then 
thought the supply of timber was sufficient to keep up the 
manufacture for centuries. The incoming population fur- 
nished a ready market for the surplus products of the farms, 
until by means of improved roads markets were found in 
Boston and New York, or in Canada by the way of Lake 
Champlain and the Richelieu River. 

2. Progress. — Mills were multiplying. The full- 
ing-mill and the carding machine lightened the labors of 
the housewife, and the tannery furnished leather for 
boots, shoes and harness. The manufacture of pottery 
for common use was carried on in several places during 
this period, and jugs for molasses and rum and pitchers 
and mugs for water and cider and flip were turned out 
in large numbers with other articles for household use. 
The manufacture of axes, scythes and nails began at an 
early period. The want of nails 
had been severely felt before , 

the manufacture began. Jonas .W j 

Mathews of Woodstock built a ! '/^s I 

house about 1780, and sent "be- J 

low " for one thousand nails, for • — vk j^'"' ' . 

which he paid five dollars. ~^^-=lirl_ --' '^ 

Wooden pins were sometimes Colonist's hand-made spade 
used for nails. Boards some- 
times had their ends placed in furrows in sill and plate, or 
were fastened by other devices. 

Before 18 10 the manufacture of iron had begun, partly 
from ore found near Crown Point, N. Y., and partly from 
ore obtained in Bennington, Tinmouth and Chittenden. 
Mills for the manufacture of oil from flaxseed sprang up 
early in this period, and before the end of it marble was 
worked on an extensive scale in Middlebury, circular saws 



(14) 



2o6 



History of Vermont 



were ill use, and the method of wehlinjj:; steel was discovered 
in the same village. 

Apple orchards had been planted early and were bear- 
ing abundantly. Great quantities of cider were produced 
and much of it was made into cider-brandy. Distilleries 
for the manufacture of whiskey, gin and other liquors 
were numerous, and the habitual use of strong drink was 
universal. " A pint of rum to a pound of pork " was a 
rule for the supply of workmen in those days. 

I^arge quantities of maple sugar were produced. Dr. 




First meeting house erected in Vermont; at Bennington, 1763 



Williams in his history of Vermont expresses the belief 
that sugar enough to supply the people of the State was 
then made from the maple. 

3. Churches. — Progress was not confined to material 
things. Before 181 1 the Congregationalists had formed 
a State association called the General Convention, and 
their organized churches had increased to more than one 
hundred. The Baptists had established new churches 
and had formed three new associations, doubling the num- 



Early Development 207 

ber that existed in 1791. There were Presbyterians, immi- 
grants from Scotland, in Barnet and Ryegate prior to the 
Revolutionary war, who maintained such worship as they 
could without a settled minister until 1791, when they 
obtained a pastor. After that the church made steady 
progress. A Methodist meeting-house was built in Danby 
in 1795, through the influence of a resident local preacher, 
and in the 3'ears next following Methodist churches were 
established in many places and Methodist itinerants reached 
all the settled portions of the State. During this period 
several Universalist and Episcopalian churches were formed 
and the Northern Association of Universalists was organ- 
ized. Also a few Free Baptist and a few Christian churches 
were founded. It was a period of theological discussion and 
of religious awakening. 

4. Education. — Middlebury College was incorpo- 
rated in 1800 and graduated its first class in 1802. The 
University of Vermont held its first commencement in 1804. 
In 181 1 the two institutions had graduated one hundred 
sixty-six students. 

Williams College, in Massachusetts near the south- 
west corner of Vermont, had been 
established in 1793, and Dart- 
mouth College, on the eastern bor- 
der of the State, at the close of our 
period had graduated a thousand 
men. 

Tw^enty-two grammar schools 
and academies had been incorpo- 
rated, and the common schools had 
Punishment of a pupil in become more numerous and were 
better supported. Three local medi- 
cal societies had been incorporated. Fifteen newspapers 
were published in the State. 




208 



HrSTORY OF Vfrmon't 




Newburv Seminary 





St. Albans High School 



Early Development 



209 



5. Population. — In 1800 the population of the 
State was 154,465 in two hundred and twenty-six towns. 
Each of sixty-three towns had a population of more than 
one thousand, and six of these had more than two thousand 
each. Ten towns had a smaller population in 1800 than 
in 1791. 

In 1 8 10 the whole number of people in the State 
was 217,895, in two hundred and thirty-two towns. 



towns had 
sand inhabi- 
these had 
sand each. 




Each of ninety-six 
more than one thou- 
tants, and thirteen of 
more than two thou- 
Thirteen towns had a 
smaller population in 
1 8 10 than in 1800. 
Four had fewer in- 
habitants in 1 8 10 than ^ ,,. , , 

The ride home after spelhng school 
m 1 79 1. 

By the apportionment made in consequence of the census 
of 1800, Vermont had four representatives in Congress, and 
by the next apportionment she had six representatives in 
Congress. 

6. Hardships. — ^With all this prosperity there were 
hardships. Food though abundant was generally coarse. 
Many people lived in log houses. The appointments for 
religious services and for education were by no means 
sumptuous. Meetings and schools were often held in 
barns in summer and in private houses in winter. The 
teacher of the common school boarded around among 
the families of the district and often received his slen- 
der salary in grain of various kinds at the end of the 
term. 

7. Kindness to Strangers. — We have noticed 
more than once that the people of Vermont were of 



2IO 



History of Vermont 



New hii;i;lan(l origin. A tew persons only came from 
beyond the sea either to remain in the State or to pass 
thr()UL!;li it. Captain Trotter, who came to Vermont and 
settled in Hradford, was born in England and appren- 
ticed to a ship-master who treated him harshly. At 
the age of nineteen he came to America and soon was 
in command of a ship. He was successful and shortly 
after 1800 was able to retire with a large fortune, after 
which he was distinguished for his enterprise and public 
spirit. One da\' there came to Bradford an Irish boy, 

poorly clad, selling pins and 
needles and inquiring for his 
father. Captain Trotter took the 
boy to his house and after a little 
time sent him to a tailoress with 
a large bundle which she turned 
into a suit of new clothes for the 
lad. Soon the father came seek- 
ing -his boy and was greatly re- 
joiced to find him and the friend 
he had found. With grateful hearts and lighter steps the 
father and son w'ent on their way to Canada. 

8. Lotteries. — We have noted the diilftculty of 
constructing goods roads throughout the State as rapidly 
as they w^ere needed. Help was occasionally obtained 
from lottery companies authorized by the legislature for 
the purpose of building and repairing some road or 
bridge. Lotteries were authorized for some other pur- 
poses: as two to build breweries, one to assist a saddler 
whose buildings had been burned, and one to build a school 
house. Leave was asked to institute lotteries for quite a 
variety of purposes: to build a house of worship, to help an 
impecunious author to publish a work on surgery, to assist 
a blind man. Before the close of this period the granting 




Indian's trap. 



Trap for small animals 



of lotteries had ceased. 



Early Development 



211 



9. Turnpikes. — As aid in road-making had been 
sought in lotteries, so later it was sought from corpora- 
tions called turnpike companies. The first was incor- 
porated in 1796, with authority to build a road from Ben- 
nington to Wilmington, and to place gates upon it and 
to collect toll of travelers. A craze for turnpike build- 




Old toll bridge between Newbury, Vt., and Haverhill, N. H. 

" There, all day long, in the summer-time. 
You may hear the river's dreary rhyme." — Saxe 



ing followed and fifty turnpike companies were incorporated 
within a few years. The roads built by them were very 
useful ; but public roads were multiplied, and for this and 
other reasons the turnpikes ceased to be profitable, the 
companies surrendered their charters and the roads became 
public highways. The only turnpike that now exists in 
the State is between Manchester and Peru and has one 
gate. 



212 



History of Vermoxt 



ID. Mails. — The carrying of the mails was trans- 
ferred to the United States when Vermont entered the 
Union. For several years no new mail routes were 
added, and when they were added the business was very 
small. 

In 1798 the mail was carried once a week each way 
between Windsor and Burlington, passing through Wood- 
stock, Randolph and Montpelier. The whole number of 
letters received at the postoffice in Woodstock during the 
year was one hundred eighty, the number sent out was 
one hundred twenty. The mail of July ig brought ten 
letters, a very large number. The whole number of letters 
brought to Woodstock by mail that year from Boston was 

eighteen ; from New 
York, twenty-eight ; from 
Windsor, nine. Two 

years later the popula- 
tion of the Vermont 
towns named was, of 
Windsor, 2,211 ; of 
Woodstock, 2,132; of 
R a n d o Ip h, 1,841 ; of 
Montpelier, 890; of Burlington, 815. Woodstock had been 
ten years a shire town and was bristling with politicians and 
professional men. 




Old brass kettles; often used as hidiiic 
places by settlers 



II. The Legislature. — In 1792, 1796, 1800, the 
legislature chose four, in 1 804 and 1808 six, and in 
1 8 12 eight presidential electors. In January 1804 an 
adjourned session of the legislature was held at Windsor 
to act on the twelfth amendment to the Constitution of 
the United States, which was adopted on the part of 
Vermont. In 1805 an act of the legislature provided that 



Early Development 



213 



on certain conditions Montpelier should become " the per- 
manent seat of the legislature." The conditions were com- 
plied with and Montpelier became the capital of the State 
in 1808. 

In 1806, after refusing to authorize private banks, 
the legislature enacted a law establishing a State bank 
with branches at Woodstock and at Middlebury. Later, 
branches were established at Burlington and at West- 
minster. The State did not succeed in banking, and in 
181 1 the process of closing the business had already 
begun. 

12. State Prison. — Punishments. — In 1807 the 
legislature provided for the erec- 
tion of a State prison, which was 
located at Windsor and was in use 
within two years. 

In consequence of building 
the State prison, new modes of 
punishing many crimes were 
adopted. Cut- 
ting off the -^ 
ears, branding, 
whipping, putting in the stocks and 
pillory had previously been well- 
known punishments. A law of 1779 
required " that every town in this 
State shall make and maintain at 
their own charge a good pair of 
stocks, with a lock and key sufficient 
to hold and secure such offenders as 
shall be sentenced to sit therein." In 
Monkton a Quaker was condemned to stand a certain num- 
ber of hours in the pillory for getting in hay on Sunday. 




In the stocks 




214 



History- of N'krmont 



While he stood there his wife sat by with knitting-work 
in haml. 

In Manchester a convict was brought to the sign- 
post near a large hotel. He was placed on a horseblock 
and his head was bound fast to the signpost. The 

officer cut off the lower 




portion of the culprit's 
ears and trod the 
pieces under his feet. 
Then taking a brand- 
ing iron which an as- 
sistant had been heat- 
ing over a kettle of 
coals he applied it to 
the convict's forehead. 
To Imitate the opera- 
tion was a favorite 
play with the boys the 
following winter. 

High on a hill near 
the center of Newfane 
may be seen the foun- 
dations of a few build- 
ings long since removed 
or gone to decay. A 
busy village was once 
there, with its dwellings and shops and court house 
and academy and church. In an open space just 
below the academy and church stood the whipping 
post in the form of a cross. About three months 
prior to the passage of the act providing for a State prison, 
a woman convicted of passing counterfeit money was 
brought there, stripped naked down to the waist, her arms 
were tied to the arms of the cross and thirt\-ninc lashes 



Punishment in Vermont in 1775 for 
crimes: tied in chair and hung up 
for two hours ; tied to tree and 
"beech seal," so-called, applied, con- 
sisting of 200 lashes. 

(From an old engraving.) 



Early Development 



215 



were applied to her back, partly by the sheriff and partly 
by an assistant. Her back became raw from the inflic- 
tion, and she writhed and screamed in her agony. Mean- 
while multitudes were looking on from the windows of 

the church and academy. 

The State prison did not 

come too soon ; and it is well 

that such 







scenes 
were viewed through 
the windows of the 
meeting house and 
school house, else 
they might 

have continu- 
ed to this day. 



S^— .r^CsJ 



The ducking stool used in early times 
(From an old engraving) 



13. No Sla- 
very. — After 
the adoption 
of the Ver- 
mont Constitution in July 1777, and before the distribu- 
tion of it, near the beginning of the next 3Tar, Captain 
Ebenezer Allen of Tinmouth was sent on a raid with 
forty men in the neighborhood of Ticonderoga. He 
took several prisoners, among whom was Dinah Mattis, 
a negro slave. To her Allen gave a certificate of eman- 
cipation, being " conscientious that it is not right in the 
sight of God to keep slaves," and had the same recorded 
in the town clerk's office in Bennington. The first Con- 
stitution of Vermont contained in its first article the dis- 
tinct prohibition of slavery, which article is now found 
there, and is the first constitutional prohibition of slavery 
on this continent. This is a Vermont addition to the Penn- 
sylvania model. Under it a slave could not thereafter be 



2l6 



History of Vermont 



legally held in Vermont. As slavery was rejected for high 
reasons before the promulgation of the constitution, 

so it was afterward. 
Theophilus Harring- 
ton of Clarendon, 
who was an associate 
judge of the Supreme 
Court for ten years, 
beginning with 1803, 
very well expressed 
the verdict of the 
people in a case that 
came before him of 
one person claiming 
another as his prop- 
erty. The claimant 
presented evidence 
that he owned the 
other person. The 
judge asked if he had 
any other evidence. 
" What other evidence 
do you want?" in- 
State monument to Judge Theophilus Har- quired the counsel for 
rington(i762-i8i3), Clarendon the claimant. "A bill 

of sale from Almighty God," responded the judge. The 
slave was released. 







Lyndon Institute, Lyndon Center 



Social Conditions 



217 



CHAPTER VII 




War. Business. Social Conditions. 

UR WORK SO FAR.— I. We have traced 
the history of Vermont from its discovery 
in 1609 for tvuo hundred years. We have 
studied its early settlements, the struggles 
by vuhich it became a State, its period of 
independence, its admission to the Union 
of States and its progress for twenty years within the 
Union. We have reached a period at which the settle- 
ment of the State may be regarded as substantially 
complete; for, though a few towns were still not inhab- 
ited, they were within easy reach of the conveniences of 
civilized life. No 
marked transition 
occurs in the sub- ■'' 

sequent history, 
but there is con- / 
stant progress. V 
The agency most 
efifective of change 
since the date we 
have reached is 
the railroad. So 
we will include in 
the present chapter 

the chief events to 1852, before which time several important 
railroads had been opened for traffic. 

2. Political Parties. — Vermont entered the Union 
at the beginning of the second Congress. The organiza- 




Early transportation — first railway 



2i8 History of Vermont 

tion of the goveninient and the provisions for its support led 
to questions relating to the interpretation of the federal 
constitution and the extent of the powers of the federal 
government. The friends of the new constitution, who 
secured its adoption and who elected a president and a 
majority in both branches of Congress, sought to establish 
a strong national government. They naturally inclined to 
a liberal interpretation of the clauses granting powers to 
the federal government. Others, who feared lest the 
federal government should become an instrument of op- 
pression, sought by a strict interpretation of the same 
clauses to maintain in their integrity the powers of the 
States and of the people. The former part\ were called 
Federalists, and the latter before the close of this Congress 
were named Democratic Republicans, or Republicans. 
About 1828, the term Republicans was dropped and the 
term Democrats was used instead. At this period the 
Federal party disappeared and a new party called Whigs 
took its place. About the same time the Anti-masonic party 
appeared, opposed to the election of Free Masons to office. 
This party was of short duration. The Liberty, or Anti- 
slavery party, made their first presidential nomination 
in 1839, and in 1841 they made their first nomination 
for governor in Vermont. In 1848 the Free Soil party 
was organized, and the Liberal party was merged in it. 
In 1854, the opponents of slavery assumed the name Repub- 
licans. Since that date the great political parties of the 
country have been the Democratic and the Republican 
parties. 

3. Electoral Votes. — At the presidential elec- 
tion, according to the original federal constitution, each 
elector voted for two candidates for president. In 1792, 
Vermont cast her first presidential votes for George 



Social Conditions 219 

Washington and John Adams, both Federalists. Again, 
in 1796, the votes of Vermont were cast for the Feder- 
alist candidates. In 1800, the Vermont electors voted for 
Adams, Federalist, and for Pinckney, Republican. Pre- 
vious to the election of 1804, the constitution was so 
amended that each presidential elector has since voted for 
a president and for a vice-president. From 1804 to and 
including 1820, the electoral votes of Vermont were cast 
for the Republican candidates, in 1824 and 1828 for the 
Federalist candidates, in 1832 for an Anti-masonic candi- 
date, from 1836 to 1852 for the Whig candidates; since 
1852 to the present time the electoral votes of Vermont 
have been given to the Republican candidates for presi- 
dent and vice-president. In 18 12, 18 16 and 1820 
Vermont had eight presidential electors, the largest num- 
ber she ever had. 

4. The County. — Lamoille, the fourteenth and last 
county, was formed in 1835. Until that time the county 
had served simply as a judicial district whose officers 
were elected by the legislature. The next year the county 
began to have a new character, that of an election 
district. 

5. The Senate Introduced. — Originally the legis- 
lative power of the State of Vermont was " vested in a 
house of representatives," and the executive power was 
" vested in a governor, or, in his absence, a lieutenant- 
governor and council," consisting of twelve councilors 
chosen annually by the freemen of the State. In 1836, the 
constitution was so amended as to abolish the executive 
council and to establish a senate consisting of thirty sen- 
ators, apportioned to the counties according to their popu- 
lation and to be elected annually by the freemen of the 



220 History of Vermont 

counties. Tin's chanjj;e was effected by the adoption of 
articles two to thirteen of the Amendments to the Con- 
stitution. 

6. Population. — The population of the State in 1820 
was 235,966; in 1830, 280,652; in 1840, 291,948; in 1850, 
314.120. 

The population diminished in the ten years from 1810 
to 1820 in 63 towns; from 1820 to 1830 in 44 towns; 
from 1830 to 1840 in 97 towns; from 1840 to 1850 in 
94 towns. 

By the apportionments made in consequence of the cen- 
suses of 1820 and 1830, Vermont had five representatives 
in Congress; and by the apportionment next following 
the census of 1840, she had four representatives. From 
1812 to 1 8 18, inclusive, and in 1822, representatives to 
Congress were elected on a general ticket as presidential 
electors now are. Presidential electors were chosen by the 
legislature until 1828, when the method of election by the 
freemen on a general ticket was introduced. 

THE WAR OF l8l2 

7. Causes. — At the close of the eighteenth century, 
England and France were at war. There was peace 
for a few months in 1802, then the war was renewed. 
Both parties adopted measures offensive to neutrals, one 
of which, on the part of England, was the searching of 
American vessels for British subjects. These were re- 
claimed when found and compelled to serve in the British 
navy. American citizens were sometimes taken on the pre- 
tense that they were British subjects. The commerce of 
the United States suffered from both parties. Congress 
attempted retaliation in 1807 by forbidding American ves- 
sels to sail from American ports to any foreign country. 



Social Conditions 221 



Two years later the law was modified so as only to for- 
bid trade with Great Britain. These measures interrupted 
business and brought financial ruin to many people. They 
were the occasion of special hardship to the inhabitants of 
the Champlain valley, who had a large trade with Canada. 
As trade with Canada was prohibited, smuggling became 
profitable and many on both sides of the line engaged in 
it. There were frequent conflicts in northern Vermont 
between the smugglers and the custom house officers and 
several lives were lost. These conflicts tended to exas- 
perate one party against Great Britain, the other against 
the federal government. 

In February of 1812, evidence was made public show- 
ing that three years before an agent of the British govern- 
ment was sent through Vermont, New Hampshire and 
Massachusetts for the purpose of intriguing with the lead- 
ers of the Federalists and organizing a movement for dis- 
union. He had been wholly unsuccessful, but the dis- 
closure increased the hostility already existing against Great 
Britain. On the third of April following, Congress passed 
another embargo act forbidding commerce with foreign 
nations for ninety days, and eleven da3'S later authorized the 
president to detach one hundred thousand militia for the 
defense of the country. May I, Governor Galusha issued 
a general order calling for three thousand men as the quota 
of Vermont. 

8. The Northern Towns. — These events indicated 
approaching war. In case of war the northern towns 
would be exposed to incursions from the enemy, and before 
the middle of May the people of Troy assembled in town 
meeting and adopted measures for arming the militia and 
for the erection of a fort. Later, through the concerted 
action of more than twenty towns, guards were established 



(15) 



222 History of Vermont 

in Troy, Derby and Canaan. But the fears of the inhab- 
itants of the border were not wholly allayed, and before 
winter many families filed from the Missisquoi valley near 
Troy as the inhabitants of the frontier had done during 
the Revolutionary War. 

War against Great Britain was declared by Congress, 
and the declaration was announced by the president the 
19th of June. In September the Vermont troops, 
called for on May i, were reported to be at Plattsburg, 
N. Y. 

9. Campaign of 1812. — According to the American 
plan of the war, Canada was to be invaded from three 
quarters, — Detroit, some point on the Niagara River, and 
Lake Champlain. To that end the army was organized 
in three divisions, — the western, the central, and the north- 
ern. The western division commanded by General Hull, 
Governor of Michigan, was surrendered at Detroit. 

The army of the center was commanded by General Van 
Rensselaer, who, in the latter part of October, sent a force 
across the Niagara from Lewiston to Queenstown, where, 
after hard fighting and heavy loss, it was captured by the 
enemy. The northern division under General Dearborn 
was collected at Plattsburg, and in due time went into win- 
ter quarters at Plattsburg and at Burlington. 

10. Political. — The war was a measure of the 
Republican party, which was then dominant in Vermont. 
When the legislature met in October, laws were passed 
forbidding intercourse with Canada, exempting the persons 
and property of the militia in actual service from attach- 
ment, and laying a tax of one cent an acre on the lands 
of the State for military purposes. These measures were 
thought by many to be oppressive; and the Federal party, 
which opposed the war, gained in strength so that in 18 13 



Social Conditions 223 

and 1814 a Federalist governor, Martin Chittenden, a son 
of Thomas Chittenden, was chosen by the legislature as 
there had been no election by the people. The obnoxious 
laws of 1812 were repealed. The official representatives 
of the State were opposed to the war, but within what 
they thought to be the constitutional limits were ready to 
assist in the defense of their country. 

II. On Lake Champlain. — In September, 1812, 
Lieutenant Thomas Macdonough was placed in command 
of the naval forces on Lake Champlain, consisting 
at that time of two sloops — the Growler and the 
Eagle — and two gun-boats. During the winter another 
sloop was fitted for service at Burlington and named the 
President. 

Early in June, 1813, British gun-boats came up the 
lake and took some small craft. The Groiuler and the 
Eagle were sent to chastise them; but, pursuing the enemy 
too far, they were disabled and captured after a severe 
battle. The sloops were refitted by the British and later 
in the season, with accompanying gun-boats, were sent 
into the lake. The expedition destroyed the public works 
and stores at Plattsburg, which was unprotected, and 
plundered the village; then they sailed up the lake as far 
as the middle, on their return attacked Burlington, but 
retired as soon as the batteries on shore began to respond 
to them. General Wade Hampton was then at Burlington 
with four thousand men, but the Americans had no naval 
force sufficient to cope with the British. 

In the latter part of this summer several companies of 
Vermont troops, who were with General Wilkinson at 
Sacketts Harbor on the east end of Lake Ontario, made 
the expedition with him down the St. Lawrence in the 
fall and suffered loss in the battle of Chrysler's Field in 
Canada, a few miles below Ogdensburg. 



224 History of ViiRMONX 

12. Colonel Clark. — Just befure General Wilkinson 
left Sacketts Harbor, Colonel Isaac Clark of Castleton, 
with one hundred two Vermont riflemen, sent out by 
General Hampton to " make a petty war," surprised the 
enemy at Missisquoi on the Missisquoi Bay, in Canada, 
inflicting a loss of nine killed and fourteen wounded and 
delivered at Burlington one hundred one prisoners without 
the loss of a man. 

13. Derby. — In December, 1813, a British raiding 
party destroyed barracks and stores at Derby, Vt. 

14. Ox THE Niagara Frontier. — The plan of cam- 
paign for 1 8 14 involved the invasion of Canada by three 
routes as before. A portion of the Vermont troops were 
in the army of the center, commanded by General Brown. 
They belonged to the Eleventh United States Infantry, 
which was a part of the brigade of General Winfield Scott. 
This regiment bore an honorable part in all the battles of 
the severely contested campaign from the beginning of July 
to the middle of September. 

15. At the Mouth of Otter Creek. — In the spring 
of 1 8 14, Lieutenant Macdonough was engaged in the con- 
struction of vessels at Vergennes, and about the middle of 
May a British force was sent to capture or destroy them. 
A battery recently constructed at the mouth of Otter Creek 
was placed under the command of Lieutenant Stephen 
Cassin and the militia of the neighborhood was called out. 
The British arrived May 14 and attacked the battery, 
which made a spirited reply, and Lieutenant Macdonough 
moved down the river with such vessels as were fitted for 
action and joined in the battle. An attempt of the British 
to land and gain the rear of the battery was prevented by 
the militia, and the enemy withdrew w'ith loss and sailed 
down the lake. 



Social Conditions 225 




16. The American Fleet Ready. — A few weeks 
later Lieutenant Macdonough sailed out of the Otter 
Creek with his fleet and crossed 
to Plattsburg. He afterwards 
sailed down the lake to the Can- 
ada line, but nothing of import- 
ance happened until September. 

17. The Land Forces 
Gather. — The British in Canada 
had received large reinforcements 
of veteran troops released from 
European service by the first a minute man 
downfall of Napoleon, and Gov- 
ernor Prevost planned an expedition through the Cham- 
plain-Hudson Valley to New York. He commanded in 
person and advanced with a force of fourteen thousand 
men. The American headquarters were at Plattsburg, 
where, on the first of September, was a force of barely two 
thousand effective men, commanded by General Alexander 
Macomb. 

General Macomb appealed to the governors and people 
of New York and Vermont for help. The response of the 
Vermonters was prompt and patriotic. Partisan spirit had 
run high during the war, but the invasion of the country 
by a hostile army aroused the patriotism of all classes and 
of all parties. Not only from the lake shore, but from 
Central and Eastern Vermont as well came the volunteers, 
old men with their sons and grandsons, farmers and men 
of the professions, Republicans and Federalists, marched 
towards Plattsburg for the defense of their friends and 
firesides. 

Smith Morrill of Strafford, nearly seventy years old, 
and lame, had four sons who marched for Plattsburg. 
He drove a two-horse team carrying baggage. At Bur- 



226 History of Vermoxt 

liii^toii lu" wanted a }^un to take to Plattshurji;, and 
wept when told that he must stay and take care of the 
team. 

The Rev. JJenjamin Wooster of Fairfield, a pronounced 
Federalist, was holding a service preparatory to the cele- 
bration of the Lord's Supper, Thursday afternoon, Sep- 
tember 8. News of the danger to Plattsburg and of the 
call for assistance came to that assembly. Mr. Wooster 
volunteered with the men of his flock and others of his 
town. He had served in the Revolutionary War and his 
townsmen made him their captain. They reported at 
Plattsburg the morning of the tenth, and were stationed 
for the day five miles south of the village. On the bright 
Sunday morning that followed, they marched again toward 
Plattsburg to the sound of the great guns. At the same 
hour on other Sundays they had been accustomed to go 
with their families to the little church in Fairfield to wor- 
ship, under the guidance of their present leader, the God 
of battles who is also the God of peace. 

1 8. Plattsburg Saved. — The village of Plattsburg, 
N. Y., is built on the Saranac River and Lake Champlain. 
The river runs in an easterly course for several miles until, 
about one mile from where it enters the lake, it takes a 
northeasterly course. The principal American fort was 
near the bend of the river and south of it. The south 
bank of the river is steep and high, and along this bank 
the Americans were posted. General Prevost arrived 
September 6. He had suffered much from skirmishers 
who fired from sheltering wall or wood, then ran to the 
next cover and waited the approach of the invaders. They 
crossed the Saranac and tore up the bridges under a heavy 
fire. He spent the time until September 1 1 in bringing 
up his battering trains and supplies. Meanwhile the 



Social Conditions 227 



volunteers of New York and Vermont were coming in. 
The Vermonttre chose Samuel Strong, one of their num- 
ber for their commander. They numbered twenty-five 
hundred t\ie morning of the nth, and many more 
were on their way. The New York militia was less 

numerous, 1 i j 

At eight o'clock the British fleet entered Cumberland 
Bay in front of Plattsburg. It consisted of sixteen vessels 
of all kinds, carrying ninety-five guns and one thousand 
fifty men, commanded by Captain Downie. The Amer- 
ican fleet consisted of fourteen vessels, carrying eighty-six 
guns and eight hundred fifty men. commanded by Lieutenant 
Macdonough. The battle began at nine o'clock. Be- 
fore noon the British fleet had surrendered. Their gun- 
boats escaped because the Americans had no means of 

pursuit. 

While the naval battle was going on, General Prevost 
opened fire from his batteries and attempted to cross the 
river at three points. At one point, defended by the New 
York militia, a crossing was effected but, a body of Ver- 
mont militia coming up, the enemy were driven back with 
severe loss. After their defeat on the lake the British 
withdrew from their attempt to cross the river and re- 
treated the following night. This was the last important 
battle in the northern department, and the victory 
gained was celebrated with delight throughout the United 

States. . 

Historv furnishes few examples of greater severity than 
the Battle of Lake Champlain, the American and English 
loss in killed and wounded being about one-fourth and 
one third respectively. Hardly a mast was left standing 
in either fleet. Moreover, Macdonough is thus distinguished 
among American commanders as having defeated a larger 
fleet than his own. 



228 History of Vermont 

19. The War Ended. — Four months later the country 
was rejoicing in the conclusion of peace with Great Britain 
and in the victory gained by General Andrew Jackson at 
New Orleans. The causes on account of which the war 
was declared were not mentioned in the treaty; but 
America had become assured of her strength, and Europe 
had learned that the young republic was not to be 
despised. 

The people of Vermont had come to think more of 
their relations to the general government and to realize 
that the United States was a nation of which they were 
citizens and a part. 

20. As to Commerce. — Lawful commerce with Can- 
ada ceased when the embargo act of April 1812 took effect. 
With the suspension of hostilities trade revived. Lake 
Champlain, lately the seat of war, was now free for the 
white winged messengers of peace. Among them came 
and went a craft, still strange, the steamer Vermont. This 
vessel was begun at Burlington in 1808, the year in which 
Montpelier became the capital of the State, and was com- 
pleted in 1809, two hundred years from the first explora- 
tion of the lake by Champlain. This was the second suc- 
cessful steamer built, and for several years it was the only 
one on the lake. Its speed was about five miles an hour. 
The passenger sloops would race with it, and under favor- 
able conditions would win the race. 

21. Steamboats. — The steamboat was perfected by a 
slow process. In August 1787, John Fitch exhibited a 
new steamboat to the framers of the federal constitution 
at Philadelphia. Later in the same year James Rumsey 
exhibited a steamboat on the Potomac River to a large 
concourse of people. In 1795, Samuel Morey, of whom 
we have heard before, obtained a patent for his invention. 



Social Conditions 



229 



Robert Fulton, who was kept well informed of these 
American experiments, was then studying the problem 
of steam navigation in Europe. He afterward re- 
turned to America, and in 1807 built the first successful 
steamboat. 

The Vermont was lost in 181 5. Another steamer, the 
Phoenix, built at Vergennes, was already running on the 
lake. In a few years more the Lake Champlain steamers 
were the finest in the world. 



OF Trade. — Previous to 18 12, 




22. The Course 
the commerce of the 
Champlain Valley was 
chiefly with Quebec. 
During the war trade 
had been forced south- 
ward. Associations 

begun with the mer- 

1 ^ r rj^ , A 1776 tea set 

chants of 1 roy and 

Albany continued after the war ended. Products of the 
valley were carried by water to Whitehall, thence by 
land to Troy and thence by river to New York. Mer- 
chandise from New York was brought to the lake towns 
over the same route in reverse order. Lumber was then 
one of the chief products of the valley. That could not 
be profitably transported to New York, but continued to 
be sent to Quebec by water. In 1823 the Champlain canal 
was opened for business, connecting Whitehall with Troy, 
N. Y. The first boat to pass through it was the Gleaner, 
from St. Albans, loaded with wheat and potash. It went 
forward to New York, welcomed by booming cannon, brass 
bands, and dinners to the owners. This completed water- 
way caused great changes in the business of the valley. The 
lumber export was divided. Other exports went mostly 



230 History of Vermont 



southward. The imported iiierchandise came mostly from 
New "V'ork. 

13urlinj2;ton, on account of its fine harhor, became the 
center of trade for Northwestern Vermont. Four-horse 
wa<2;()ns loaded with merchandise went out into all the sur- 
roundinji; country and returned with the surplus products 
of the farms. The southwest part of the State traded 
with Whitehall and Troy, the eastern part with Boston, 
or by way of the Connecticut River with towns below and 
with New York. Locks were constructed around Bellows 
Falls, Sumner's Falls by Hartland and Olcott's Falls by 
Hartford. Large boats coming to Bellows Falls would 
be unloaded and their freight would be carried by, while 
smaller boats would be taken through the locks. In the 
winter a farmer who had a good pair of horses would load 
a sled with the products of his farm and go to market to 
Troy, Albany or Boston, returning with supplies for his 
family and money to pay his taxes. 

23. Travel. — Corresponding with the baggage wagons 
were two-horse, four-horse, and sometimes six-horse stages, 
carrying the mails and passengers in all directions. On the 
great lines the passing stage, coming promptly on time, 
filled within and covered on top with passengers and loaded 
with trunks behind, was a fine sight. 

And in the late summer and early autumn droves of 
cattle guided by men and boys passed along the high- 
ways toward the market. Many a youth who had 
wondered whence the stages came and whither they went 
gained his first view of the outside world by going to market 
as a drover's boy. 

The Erie Canal, a shining ribbon stretched between 
Lake Erie and the Hudson River, was completed in 
1825, two years later than the Champlain Canal. This 



Social Conditions 



231 



was of great advantage. The West was reached more 
easily and was settled rapidly. New York grew apace. 
Soon after the opening of the Erie Canal the wheat crop 
became unprofitable 
in Vermont on ac- : 



count of the rav- 
ages of insects, and 
western flour was 
brought in. White- 
hall was an important distributing point for it. It was a 
gathering point for western emigrants as well. Teams from 
the Connecticut Valley often crossed the Green Mountains, 
carrying the persons and effects of emigrating families and 
returning loaded with wheat flour, the product of the then 
far West. 




\. '1:^1 ;!■:( O F "h^ Bv ;> '"T XT^ 



^^r<»,}i$}:A.:f:M£^. 



O'lrx:! more fuirit rstlx pbe>:; ..; 

l--%4j9l-:^ jI'.?:: *- 'I'^iiii.-* M.li^ii-'-. -Mill 
Sr.'?5i.ti??J.^.e..t.?...?^.ir)i^*!.;i*?;'........ ...... 




Sampler; fancy work in linen made in 1835 by 
girl thirteen years old 



232 



History of Vermont 



24. Some Effects of the War. — On account of 
the war and of the interruption of commerce before and 
during the war, an impulse was given to manufactures. 
Vergennes was distinguished as well for the manufacture 
of cannon shot as for the fleet built there, and it had fur- 
naces, forges, a rolling mill and a wire factory. Distilleries, 
especially of potato whiskey, were multiplied during the 
war and were numerous in all parts of the State. On the 
return of peace the conditions of business were changed 
so that many establishments became unprofitable and were 
given up. 




Sampler ; fancy work in silk, 1812, by sixteen-year-old girl 



Social Conditions 



233 




Old-fashioned weaving room 



25. Local Manufactures. — The period considered 
in this chapter was one of local effort. Grist mills, saw 
mills, carding mills, fulling mills and tanneries were thickly 

distributed through 

the State. Shoemakers, 
blacksmiths and tail- 
ors were numerous. 

The farmers would 
carry their hides to 
the tannery and take 
their pay in leather, 
which was carried to 
the shoemaker who 
produced from it boots and shoes for the family. But 
sometimes the shoemaker was an itinerant, who went from 
house to house carrying his tools in a sack on his back 
and boarded with the family while he made their shoes. 
If he lacked a last of suitable size for any member of a 
household, he would select a stick from the woodpile, shape 
it with an axe and construct upon it shoes or boots as 
required. 

In those days the local blacksmith 
,^ had much 

more work 
than now. If 
a bolt was 
needed he 
M^ould find a 
suitable rod, 
make a head 
upon one end, cut a screw upon the 
other and make a nut for it. He made the horseshoes that 
he used and the nails to fasten them on with. In the early 
part of this period the nails used by carpenters were made 
by hand in the blacksmiths' shops. 





Colonial plough 



Colonial horse shoe 



234 History of Vermont 

Men's and boys' clotliinj^ was made either at home or 
by the local tailor or tailoress. So the house furniture 
and the carriaj^es used were mostly the products of local 
cabinet and carriage shops. 

25. Business Enterprises. — Several business enter- 
prises begun during this period still continue and have 
become famous. One of these was the manufacture of 
carpenters' squares, begun in Shaftsbury in 1 817, said to 
be the oldest establishment of the kind in the world. Others 
were the Fairbanks Scale Works, established at St. Johns- 
bury about 18.^0, and The Tuttle Company, Publishers and 
Stationers, established at Rutland in 1832. Estey organs 
have been made in Brattleboro since 1846. A marble busi- 
ness was early started in Dorset and Manchester, and later, 
in 1836, in West Rutland ; and slate quarrying began in Fair 
Haven three years later. 

In 1818 the Bank of Windsor and the Bank of Burling- 
ton were incorporated ; these were the first banks after the 
State bank, which had already ceased to do business. The 
Vermont Mutual Fire Insurance Company of Montpelier 
was established in 1827. The National Life Insurance Com- 
pany was incorporated in 1848, and the Farmers' Mutual 
Fire Insurance Company was established a year later. The 
Brattleboro Retreat, an asylum for the insane at Brattle- 
boro, was opened in 1836. 

27. Temperance REFORM.^We have already seen 
that distilleries were numerous in the State ami that 
the people were much addicted to drink. In 1829, 
Abraham Stearns of Woodstock \\as part owner of a 
distillery and was a producer of gin. Just after mid- 
night, the first day of November, he was told that his 
distillery was on fire. He said afterwards that the news 
brought him a feeling of relief, for he had not liked the 



Social Conditions 235 

business. Judge Henry C. Denison heard the alarm and 
started for the iire, but when he came where he could see 
what was burning he turned back home and went to bed. 
That distillery was not rebuilt. A temperance reform had 
already begun. At first it was wholly a moral reform, but 
before the close of our period the sale of intoxicating drinks 
was restricted by law. 

28. Anti-Slavery. — Slavery was excluded from Ver- 
mont by her original constitution. The State has ever 
been true to the letter and spirit of that exclusion. Ques- 
tions relating to slavery in other parts of the Union were 
always interesting to Vermonters, though they might dififer 
in their replies to them. In 1820, the representatives in 
Congress from this State opposed the admission of Mis- 
souri as a slave State, and the senators differed on the 
question. In 1825, the legislature resolved "That slavery 
is an evil to be deprecated by a free and enlightened people, 
and that this general assembly will accord in any measures 
which may be adopted by the general government for its 
abolition in the United States, that are consistent with 
the rights of the people and the general harmony of the 
States." In 1835, petitions were presented to the legis- 
lature praying for action in favor of the abolition of 
slavery in the District of Columbia, and, nevertheless, an 
anti-slavery lecturer was publicly insulted in several towns 
of the State. The next legislature declared by resolution, 
" That neither Congress nor the State governments have 
any constitutional rights to abridge the free expression of 
opinions, or the transmission of them through the public 
mail ; and that Congress do possess the power to abolish 
slavery and the slave trade in the District of Columbia." 
So far the opponents of slavery had not formed a political 
party in Vermont, but in 184 1 the anti-slaverv men 



236 History of Vermont 

nominated a governor and secured votes enough to prevent 
an election by the people. From this time the anti-slavery 
party continued under different names until slavery dis- 
appeared. 

In 1843, when the struggle for the right of petition 
in the Federal House of Representatives was at its height, 
and about two months after the Liberty party in national 
convention at Buffalo, N. Y., had denounced slavery and 
called upon the free States to prevent the return of fugitive 
slaves, the legislature of Vermont enacted a law of which 
two sections follow: 

" No sheriff, deputy sheriff, high bailiff, constable, 
jailer or other officer or citizen of this State, shall here- 
after seize, arrest 'or detain, or aid in the seizure, arrest 
or detention or imprisonment in any jail or other build- 
ing, belonging to this State, or to any county, town, city 
or person therein, of any person for the reason that he is, 
or may be, claimed as a fugitive slave. 

" No sheriff, deputy sheriff, high bailiff, constable or 
other officer or citizen of this State shall transport, or 
remove or aid or assist in the transportation or removal 
of any fugitive slave, or any person claimed as such, from 
any place in this State to any other place within or without 
the same." 

In the summer of 1850, after a long and heated dis- 
cussion in Congress, a new fugitive slave law w^as passed, 
providing for the arrest of runaways by United States 
officers, and denying to the runaways the right to testify 
when claimed as slaves. The Vermont legislature, in the 
autumn of the same year, responded with the following 
enactment : 

" It shall be the duty of State's attorneys, within 
their respective counties, whenever any inhabitant of this 
State is arrested or claimed as a fugitive slave, on being 



Social Conditions 



237 



informed thereof, diligently and faithfully to use all law- 
ful means to protect, defend and procure to be discharged, 
every such person so arrested or claimed as a fugitive 
slave. 

" It shall be the duty of all judicial and executive 
officers in this State, in their respective counties, who 
shall know, or have good reason to believe, that any 
inhabitant of this State is about to be arrested or claimed 




An old-fashioned school room. (From old plate) 

as a fugitive slave, forthwith to give notice thereof to 
the State's attorney of the county in which such person 
resides." 

Conflict with the federal government was guarded against 
in these enactments by the section following: 

" This act shall not be construed to extend to any 
citizen of this State acting as a judge of the circuit or 
district court of the United States, or as marshal or deputy 



(16) 



238 History of Vermont 

niarslial of the district of Vermont, or to any person act- 
ing under the command or authority of said courts or 
marshal." 

29. Education. — Common schools were maintained 
throughout the State. A small part of the expense was 
provided for by the towns. Money for this purpose was 
derived from the income of school lands and from a tax 
on the grand list of the town, laid first on the property 
of residents only, but after 1818 on the property of non- 
residents as well. In 1838 the State received the sum of 
$669,086.74 as a deposit of her share of moneys accum- 
ulated in the national treasury and not needed for the 
support of the government. The part of the cost of schools 
not furnished by the towns was provided for by the school 
district, and much of it was collected of the parents of chil- 
dren in attendance as a charge for tuition. 

In 1827 provision was made by the legislature for 
the examination and licensing of teachers, and for the 
supervision of schools by town committees; also provision 
was made for a board of commissioners for the State, 
authorized to select text-books for the schools and to study 
the educational needs of the State and report thereon. 
These provisions of the law were repealed after six years, 
and supervision of schools ceased until 1845, when a law 
was enacted providing for town, county and state super- 
vision of schools. Town and county superintendents were 
to examine and license teachers, and to inspect the schools 
and report. After four years the office of county superin- 
tendent was abolished. 

In 1 813 a graded school, in the highest department 
of which boys were fitted for college, was established in 
Burlington. It was continued for about sixteen years. 
In 1842 the people of the village of Brattleboro estab- 



Social Conditions 



239 



lished a school system which has been maintained with 
increasing usefulness until the present time. But high 
schools were not then a part of the common school 
system, their place being supplied by academies. These 
were numerous and were filled with students, who there 
prepared for college or for the study of a profession or for 
business. 

The period before us was one of large families. The 
schools were full. A much larger proportion of the 
people of the State attended school then than now. In 




Phillips Academy, Danville; incorporated October 21, 1840. This 
building with $2,000 endowment given to town by Dodge Phillips 



1850 the number of pupils in the public schools was 99,110, 
or more than thirty-one per cent of the whole population, 
while in 1890 the number of pupils was 65,608, less than 
twenty per cent, of the population. 

During this period, in 18 19, the Norwich University, a 
military school having the rank and privileges of a college, 
was established at Norwich. It has since been removed to 



240 History of Vermont 

Northfleld. A medical college was begun at Castleton in 
1818, and another was opened at Woodstock in 1830. Both 
institutions flourished and were useful in their time, but 
they have ceased to exist. 

30. Churches. — A Unitarian church resulted from 
a division of the Congregational church in Burlington in 
1 8 10. A few other churches of this denomination have 
since been formed in the State. A few Roman Catholic 
families came to Vermont at an early day, but no effort 
at organization for public worship was made until 1830, 
when a missionary was sent into the State. Two other mis- 
sionaries were soon added. Congregations of this denomi- 
nation of Christians are now found in all the larger and 
many of the smaller towns. The first Sunday school in 
Vermont was held at Greensboro in 1 814. 

31. Visit of General Lafayette. — An interesting 
event of this period was the visit of General Lafayette to 
the State in 1825, in accordance with an invitation of the 
legislature of 1824. Having participated in the celebration 
at Boston of the Battle of Bunker Hill on the 17th of 
June, the General and his suite came to Vermont, entering 
the State at Windsor, June 28, where he was met by the 
Governor's staff. He was welcomed by addresses, by the 
Revolutionary soldiers of the vicinity, and by crowds of 
people at Windsor, Woodstock, Royalton, Randolph, Mont- 
pelier, and Burlington, where he laid the corner stone of the 
south building of the University of Vermont, and where 
an elegant reception was prepared by Governor Van Ness. 
The gatherings of the old soldiers, the review of the strug- 
gles for Independence, and the presence of the most popular 
hero among the European auxiliaries of the rising republic 
tended strongly to enlarge the view and to nourish the 
patriotism of our people. 



Social Conditions 



241 




Borrowing fire from a neighbor 



32. Imprisonment for Debt. — One incident con- 
nected with the visit of General Lafayette must not be 
omitted. General William Barton, who, as Lieutenant- 
Colonel of militia, with a 
few men captured the 
British General Prescott in 
July 1777 near Newport, 
R. L, had become involved 
in debt in Vermont, and in 
consequence had been kept in 
jail at Danville for thirteen 
years. General Lafayette 
learned of the condition of 
his former friend and paid 
the debt, enabling General 
Barton to return to his 
family in Rhode Island. 

Imprisonment for debt, quite akin in its spirit to some 
of the punishments already mentioned as having passed 
away, was abolished in 1838. 

33. Matches. — The history of this period would not 
be complete w^ithout notice of the introduction of friction 
matches about midway of it. No longer "The curfew 
tolls the knell of parting day," no longer does the " busy 
house-wife " anxiously delay her breakfast while the small 
boy, sent to the neighbors for fire, loiters to pick the luscious 
raspberry and smears his luckless face with its tale-telling 
juice. A match is a little thing, but the changes in our 
mode of life that it has helped to make possible are not 
small. 

34. Farm Machinery. — It was during this period, 
too, that the threshing-machine and horse-rake made their 
appearance, by the aid of which and of other machines a 



242 



History of Vermont 



much smaller number of farm hands than were formerly 
employed can grow and gather larger crops than were 
formerly secured. 

35. Railroads. — Before 1830, railroads and locomo- 
tives had been introduced into the United States. 
Before 1840, Boston had become a railroad center, and the 
Vermont legislature had granted a charter for a railroad 




Old State house on West street in Rutland. The State legislature 
met here in 1784, '86, '92, '94, '96, '97 and 1804 

from Lake Champlain to the Connecticut River. Under 
this first charter nothing was accomplished and another 
charter was granted in 1843. Ground was first broken for 
the road at Windsor in 1845. The first rail was laid at 
White River Junction in 1847. The first passenger train run 
in Vermont passed over this road from White River Junction 
to Bethel, June 26, 1848. The Vermont Central and the 
Rutland and Burlington railroads were opened to Burlington 
in 1849. 



Social Conditions 243 

Within three years from this time railroads were opened 
from White River Junction to St. Johnsbury, from Essex 
Junction to Rouse's Point, from Rutland to Bennington, to 
Whitehall, and to Troy, N. Y. 

Rutland at once became the business center for a large 
part of the State, and is now an incorporated city. 

Burlington soon renewed its lumber trade, bringing 
its lumber by rafts through the Richelieu River and Canal 
from Canada — pine from the Ottawa Valley and spruce 
from Quebec — and distributing it at various stages of manu- 
facture to all parts of the Eastern States. 

Every kind of business was affected by the railroads. 
The produce of the farms and merchandise from the cities 
were transported more cheaply and more quickly. Travel 
was made easier. The mails were carried more 
swiftly and were delivered more frequently. Changes then 
recent in the postal laws were favorable to a rapid develop- 
ment of the mail service. The rates of postage 
in the beginning of our government were 
very much higher than they are now. The 
postage on a letter was paid by the 
receiver and varied according to the 
distance from which it was brought. The Brattleboro stamp 
rates for letters established by law in 1 8 16 
were as follows: each letter conveyed not more than 30 
miles, 6 cents; over 30 miles and not more than 80 miles, 
10 cents; over 80 miles and not more than 150 miles, 
12.5 cents; over 150 miles and not more than 400 miles, 
18.75 cents; over 400 miles, 25 cents. 

Private expresses carried much mail matter. They became 
responsible for its safety and carried at a less price than the 
government charged. 

In 1845, by act of Congress, the business of carrying the 
mails was forbidden to private parties and the following 




244 



History of Vermont 



rates were established for letters weighing one-half ounce 
or less: each letter conveyed not over 300 miles, 5 cents; 
over 300 miles, 10 cents. 

Two years later the use of adhesive stamps to prepay 
postage was authorized by act of Congress, and in 1856 
their use was made compulsory. 

The first postage stamps made in the United States were 
printed in Brattleboro in 1845. 

Four months before the first railroad train was seen in 
Vermont, a telegraph line had been completed between Troy, 
N. Y. and Burlington. So was the way preparing for new 
economical conditions and a new social state. 




The minuet of our grandparents 



The Civil War 



245 



CHAPTER VIII 



The Civil War 




HE ANTI-SLAVERY VOTE.— (i) In 1853 
the anti-slavery vote for governor was large 
enough to prevent an election by the people. 
In 1854 a vacancy in the senate of the United 
States w^as to be filled by the legislature 
of Vermont, and Lawrence Brainerd, a 

Liberty Party man of 1841, was unanimously elected senator. 

In 1856 the State, by a large majority, chose electors to 

vote for John C. Fremont, the Republican candidate for 

President of the United States. 

2. Growth of the National Idea. — During the last 
war with Great Britain the people of Vermont had exalted 
the authority of the State at the expense of the authority 
of the nation. Many of them disputed the right of the 
federal government to call the militia of a State 
to act beyond the borders of the State, except in certain 
cases specified in the constitution of the United States. 
But the near approach of a hostile army aroused their 
patriotism and dispelled their scruples. Every huzza 
and bonfire and booming gun for victories on land and 
lake and ocean impressed more deeply the thought that the 
United States is a nation; and the discussions of the 
tariff laws, of the Missouri compromise, of nullification, and 
of the fugitive slave law helped to emphasize the thought. 
Should there come rebellion on account of slavery, the 
position of Vermont was not doubtful. 



246 History of Vermont 

3. The Southern Claim. — Rebellion came. The 
people of the South were accustomed to slavery. To them 
the terms master and slave expressed relations necessary 
among men, and therefore right. They held that slaves 
were property, and claimed the right to take that property 
into any part of the Union and have for it the protection 
of the law. 

4. The Purpose of the North. — To the people of 
the North the same terms suggested the reversal of 
fundamental laws . The permission of slavery in terri- 
tory controlled by the national government was, in their 
judgment, a great wrong. Slavery had no rights and 
should have no protection beyond the States in which it 
already existed. Only by excluding it from the national 
domain could the nation purge itself from the greatest 
sin of the age. Such was the belief of the Republican 
party. The issue was joined in i860, and the Republicans 
were victorious in the election of Abraham Lincoln 
President of the United States. 

5. Secession. — The slaveholders saw that the pre- 
dominance of the Republican party meant that there would 
be no more Slave States, while the number of Free States, 
already in the majority, would soon be greatly 
increased. The privileges of their pet institution 
would be diminished, and perhaps ultimately the 
institution itself would be overthrown. At any rate 
the day of their supremacy in the Union was past. 
Rather than remain in the Union shorn of their 
former influence they preferred to dissolve the Union. 
In December i860, a State convention of South Carolina 
passed an " ordinance of secession," declaring the State 
of South Carolina to be separate from and inde- 
pendent of the United States. In the course of the 



The Civil War 247 



following month similar ordinances were passed by con- 
ventions in Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, 
Louisiana, and by a convention in Texas on the 
first day of February 1861. The conventions of the seceded 
States appointed delegates who met at Montgomery, 
Alabama, February 4, adopted a provisional constitution and 
elected a president and a vice-president of their 
provisional government, who were inaugurated February 
18. Forts, arsenals, dock-yards, navy-yard, ships and 
other property of the United States within the 
seceded States had been seized by the States and 
were turned over to the Confederate government as 
soon as it was organized. Officers of the United States 
army and navy resigned their commissions and entered the 
service of the Confederacy. At only four places — 
Pensacola, Key West, Charleston, S. C. and at the mouth 
of the Chesapeake Bay — were any fortifications left to 
the United States from the Rio Grande to the Potomac. 
Hostile forts and batteries were building for the reduction 
of two of these and within the range of their 
guns, but their commanders were forbidden to fire 
upon them. The Star of the West, a government steamer, 
sent from New York with reinforcements and supplies for 
Fort Sumter at Charleston, was fired upon by the Con- 
federates and compelled to return. Senators • and 
representatives in Congress from the Southern States left 
their seats and went home. 

6. The New Administration. — President Lincoln 
was inaugurated March 4, and in his inaugural 
address expressed his determination to do what he could 
to preserve the Union. The afiFairs of the government had 
been left in the greatest confusion. The men called to the 
administration of affairs were not familiar with their duties. 



248 History of Vermont 

What measures the Northern States would sustain was un- 
known. "What will result, peace or war?" was the 
question of many loyal men. 

7. Fort Sumter. — April 6th, a messenger from 
Major Anderson, commander of Fort Sumter, announced to 
the authorities at Washington that his provisions 
would not last beyond the middle of the month, after which, 
if not supplied, the garrison must starve or sur- 
lender. On the 8th, notice was given to the governor of 
South Carolina that the fort would be supplied at any cost. 
A fleet was already on its way from New York 
with provisions and other supplies. After communica- 
tion with Montgomery the surrender of the fort was 
demanded by General Beauregard, the Confederate 
commander. The surrender was refused. At half-past 
four o'clock in the morning of April 12, an attack was 
begun from all sides. The fort was surrendered April 14. 
Seven thousand men had overcome seventy men. The 
Confederate States had made war upon the United 
States. 

8. The President's Call. — April 14, President 
Lincoln issued a call for seventy-five thousand men, and a 
call for Congress to meet July 4. The quota of 
Vermont was one regiment of infantry of seven hundred 
eighty men. 

9. The First Regiment. — None of the Northern 
States were prepared for war. Vermont had a few com- 
panies of militia, but they did not contain so many men as 
were required, and they were not properly armed 
and equipped. But recruiting began at once. Arms and 
clothing were procured as speedily as possible. At 
the end of the month everything needed had been provided, 



The Civil War 249 

and May 2 the First Regiment of Vermont Volunteers en- 
camped in Rutland. The regiment was mustered into the 
United States service May 8, left Rutland the next day and 
reached Fortress Monroe, Va., the 13th. 

10. Vermont Aroused. — It had been a busy month in 
Vermont. On the day of the surrender of Fort 
Sumter the governor issued a call for the troops 
required and a call for the legislature to meet in extra 
session April 25 to make provision for raising and arming 
the forces needed. Meanwhile in all parts of the 
State meetings were held in which speeches were 
made and resolutions adopted expressive of a deter- 
mination to maintain the government and the Union 
at every cost. Money for the equipment of volunteers and 
the support of their families was pledged by individuals and 
by corporations, and the representatives of the 
towns were instructed to make liberal appropriations of 
money and to provide for men to carry on the war. The 
women added to their household duties the making of the 
uniforms for the soldiers, and two hundred Burlington 
women resolved to consider all their time and all their 
energies sacred to the purpose of restoring the 
authority of the government. The legislature met at the 
time appointed, and in three days had adjourned and gone 
home. They had appropriated, by unanimous vote, one 
million dollars for the defense of the nation, and had pro- 
vided for organizing, arming and equipping six full regi- 
ments for a term of two years. Volunteers for two regiments 
were called for May 7, and before May 1 1 men enough for 
five regiments had offered their services. Vermont was 
aHame with patriotic ardor. The whole North kindled with 
like enthusiasm. 

11. The South Aroused. — The same events that 
aroused the North aroused the South. From all the 



250 History of Vermont 

seceded States volunteers rushed towards Charleston. 
The border States made angry response to President 
Lincoln's call for troops. North Carolina, Arkansas, 
Tennessee and Virginia seceded ; Kentucky and Missouri 
attempted to maintain a neutral position. After the secession 
of Virginia, Richmond became the capital of the Confederacy. 
The northernmost Confederate States, on the Fourth of July, 
when Congress met, were Virginia, Tennessee and 
Arkansas. The task before the nation was to over- 
come rebellion in these States and in those south of them. 
The struggle lasted four years. At the end victory for the 
Union was complete. 

12. The Main Lines. — The main lines of military 
operations were along the Mississippi river in the west, 
around Washington and Richmond in the east, and 
from the Kentucky and Tennessee rivers to and down 
the Savannah River in the center. Other military 
operations on the part of the Union forces were 
for the recovery of the seaport towns, or were auxiliary to 
their main lines of effort. The Vermont troops were 
employed in the eastern division and at the south end of the 
Mississippi valley. 

13. Contraband of War. — The First Vermont Regi- 
ment was commanded by Colonel John W. Phelps, 
a native Vermonter and a graduate of the West Point 
Academy, who had seen twenty-three years of honorable 
service in the army of the United States. Its Lieut. -Colonel 
was Peter T. Washburn, afterwards governor of the State. 
Its first movement against the enemy was in a reconnaissance 
to the village of Hampton, a few miles from Fortress 
Monroe, undertaken May 23 under Colonel Phelps, and 
memorable from the fact that on their return the party was 
accompanied by a number of slaves who were anxious to 



The Civil War 251 

know what would be done with them. Colonel Phelps told 
them that he should do nothing with them, they could go 
where they pleased. Two days later a messenger 
from Hampton appeared at the Fortress and asked 
for the return of slaves who had sought refuge 
there, when General Benjamin F. Butler, then in command, 
announced the doctrine that slaves were " contraband 
of war," and refused to return them. A portion 
of this regiment, under Lieut.-Colonel Washburn, 
encountered the enemy and engaged in actual fighting, with 
great credit to themselves, at Big Bethel, a hamlet ten miles 
distant from Fortress Monroe, on the lOth of June. 
The attack on Big Bethel, led by General E. W. 
Pierce of Massachusetts with about two thousand 
men, was not successful ; but the Vermont three- 
months men exhibited a steady courage that won them 
praise. This regiment served nearly four months and was 
mustered out at Brattleboro August 16. More than 
six hundred of these men re-enlisted in the army, 
and two hundred fifty of them held commissions before the 
war was over. 

14. The Muster. — Before the return of the First 
Vermont, the Second and Third had gone to the front, 
and the Second had exhibited good soldierly qualities 
in the Battle of Bull Run, the first great battle 
of the war, fought July 21, thirty-five miles from 
Washington and on the road towards Richmond. The Union 
army was defeated and retired to Washington. Three days 
after this battle the Third Vermont Regiment was 
sent forward, and a week later Governor Fairbanks 
called for two more regiments in anticipation of a 
further call from the federal government. The magni- 
tude of the war for the Union began now to be appreciated. 



252 



History of Vermont 



and the people of the whole North devoted them- 
selves to the prosecution of it with more serious 
determination. 

The Fourth and Fifth Vermont Regiments reached 
Washington in September, the Sixth in October, and 
the First Vermont Cavalry in December. In nine 
months from the first call for troops, Vermont had sent 
forward one regiment for three months and six 




13th Vermont Regiment's monument at Gettysburg, Pa., with re-union 
of surviving members, October, 1899 

regiments for three j^ears. She had also raised three 
companies of sharpshooters and a light battery that had 
been mustered into the service of the United States. 
Early in 1862 another battery was mustered in and two 
more regiments, the Seventh and the Eighth. These, with 
the two batteries, were sent to Ship Island, where they 
were welcomed by General Phelps, formerly Colonel of 



The Civil War 253 

the First Vermont, and General Butler, whom we saw 
at Fortress Monroe. Before the end of October three 
more regiments for three years, the Ninth, Tenth and 
Eleventh, and five regiments, the Twelfth, Thirteenth, 
Fourteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth, for nine months, had 
been forwarded to Washington. No new regiments were 
furnished in 1863. The Third Vermont Battery was 
mustered in January i, 1864, and the Seventeenth Vermont 
Regiment in March and April of the same year. 

15. The Service. — The service of the First Vermont 
Regiment was in the neighborhood of Fortress Monroe, 
in Virginia. The Seventh Vermont served in New 
Orleans, at Vicksburg and at Baton Rouge on the 
Mississippi, and at Pensacola, Fla., and Mobile, Ala. 
After the close of the war this regiment was sent, as a 
part of an army of observation, to the banks of the Rio 
Grande in Texas to watch the progress of events in Mexico, 
where an attempt was making with the aid of France to 
establish an empire. The scheme failed and the regiment 
was mustered out and sent home, reaching Brattleboro in 
April 1866. 

The Eighth Vermont saw service in Louisiana and 
Mississippi, and later, in 1864, in the Valley of Virginia, 
where it did valiant fighting under Colonel, afterwards 
General, Stephen Thomas. 

The Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Vermont 
regiments were brigaded as the First Vermont Brigade in 
October 1861. This brigade had its full share of 
marchin^i^ and fighting in General McClellan's campaign 
against Richmond, performed distinguished service at Savage 
Station and White Oak Swamp, also at Fredericksburg 
under General Hooker, in the Wilderness and at Spottsyl- 
vania and Cold Harbor during General Grant's advance 
against Richmond, in the Valley of Virginia at Winchester 
and Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek, and led in the final 
assault on Petersburg in April 1865. 



(17) 



254 History of Vermont 

The Ninth Vermont reached Washington in July 
1862, and was sent to Winchester, Va., then to 
Harper's Ferry, just in time to be surrendered with 
the rest of the army there in September. The regiment was 
paroled and sent to Chicago for the winter; after it was 
exchanged in the spring the Ninth served in Southeastern 
Virginia, then in North Carolina, and was ordered to join 
the army of General Grant in September 1864. A portion 
of this regiment, under Captain A. E. Leavenworth, was 
the first Union infantry to enter Richmond after its 
evacuation by the Confederates under General Lee. 

The Tenth and Eleventh regiments were engaged in all 
the battles in which the First Brigade took part, beginning 
with Spottsylvania and the battle of the Monocacy. 

The Second Vermont Brigade was composed of the five 
regiments of nine-months men already named. Its 
most distinguished service was at Gettysburg, where, 
under General George J. Stannard, it helped to repulse the 
severest charge of the three days' battle. 

A State monument has been placed on the ground " where 
Stannard's Brigade fought," and dedicated with 
appropriate ceremonies. 

The Seventeenth Vermont Regiment " marched from the 
mustering ground into the carnage of the Wilderness, placed 
the name of a bloody battlefield on its colors for almost 
every month of its service, and was under almost constant 
fire until Richmond fell." 

The First Vermont Cavalry took part in seventy-six 
engagements in Virginia, Maryland and Penns3dvania. 

Richmond was captured April 3, 1865. General Lee 
surrendered at Appomattox Court House April 9. 
The war was soon ended. Before autumn the Vermont 
troops, except the Seventh Regiment, had returned to their 
homes. 

In his " Vermont in the Civil War," the Hon. G. G. 
Benedict says: 



The Civil War 



255 



" In proportion to her 
population more sons of 
Vermont fell in battle and 
more gave their lives to the 
cause of the Union than of 
any other Northern State. 

" The Vermont regiments, 
batteries and companies 
comprised about twenty-nine 
thousand men. Of their 
original members nearly 
two thousand re-enlisted to 
serve until the close of the 
war, and nearly two thou- 
sand conscripts paid the 
commutation fee, which 
would secure the enlistment 
of a volunteer, and was 
accepted by the military 
authorities as equivalent to 
furnishing a man. The final 
aggregates upon the books of 
the Adjutant-General of 
Vermont were as follows: 
Enlisted in Vermont 

organizations . 
Veterans re-enlisted. 
Enlistments in the 
regular army and 

navy 

Drafted men w^ho 
paid commutation . 



28,967 
1,961 



1,339 



1,971 



Whole number of 
men furnished by 
the State 34,238 




The Vermont battle monument al 
Gettysburg. Pa 



256 



History of Vermont 



" This total was less by cne thousand four than the 
number credited to the State by the War Department, 
which was 35,242, many enlistments of Vermonters in 
the regular army and navy having apparently been re- 
ported at Washington which were not reported to 
the State authorities. At the close of the war the State stood 
credited with a surplus of one thousand five hundred thir- 
teen men over her quotas, under all calls. 

"This number was 

r furnished from a 

iSi JM^M population comprism?; 

-A il^^HI less than the average 

M»9 proportion of men of 

L™ j military age. The 

'^ « i general percentage of 

males between the ages 
of eighteen and forty- 
five in the country in 
i860 was 20.80. In 
Vermont the percent- 
age was ig.27. The 
total population of 
Vermont at the out- 
break of the war was 
315,098; the total 
number of men subject 
to military duty was 
60,719. Of the total 
population of Vermont one in every ten enlisted. Of her 
able-bodied men of military age, every other one shouldered 
his musket and went to fight for his country. With a total 
valuation of property for taxation in 1861 of a little over 
$85,000,000, the State expended $9,887,353 for war pur- 
poses, of which amount $5,215,787 was expended by the 




SolJiers' monument in town of Hartford 
" I tell of life that calmly looked on death. 

Of peerless valor and of trust sublime." — Dorr 



The Civil War 



^57 



towns without expectation or realization of repayment. In 
her treasure, as in her lives, Vermont gave something more 
than her share to the country's cause. The brilliancy and 
value of the service rendered by the Vermont troops is 
denied by no student of the history of the war; and impartial 
judges admit it to be remarkable that the troops of one 
State, who constituted but an eighteenth part of the army, 
should have had a leading part in so many of the most 




Vermont Soldiers' Home at Bennington 

decisive campaigns and battles of the war. If some 
of this distinction was their good fortune, it will not be 
denied that most of it w^as due to their quality as fighters. 

" It is because these Green Mountain bayonets were 
thinking bayonets ; because the courage of these men 
was manly courage ; because its underlying principle was 
devotion to duty; because the service was patriotic service, 
that it is worth commemorating." 

The State continues to show its appreciation of the 
defenders of the Union by its support of the Vermont 



258 



History of Vermont 



Soldiers' Home, established at Bennington and incorporated 
in 1884. 

16. The St. Albans Raid. — At the beginning of the 
war, St. Albans was a town of nearly four thousand 

inhabitants, 
the center of 
business for 
half a county. 
Several livery 
stables and 
three banks 
were among 
its business 
institutions. 
There were 
three good 
hotels there in 
1864, and the 
W e 1 d e n 
House, since 
well known to travelers, was in process of construction. 
Strangers were coming to town daily, and a few more 
or a few less attracted no attention. October 10 five 
came to town, three stopping at one hotel and 
two at another. The next day three more came 
and the eight spent a full week in studying the town, 
but exciting no suspicion. On the i8th and 19th others 
came. There were now in town more than twenty, dis- 
tributed among the three hotels. They were Confederate 
guerillas who came from Canada in aid of the rebellion. 
An unusual number of the citizens were out of town. The 
day was cloudy; rain was threatening. The streets were 
remarkably quiet. At three o'clock in the afternoon of the 
19th the banks were entered and robbed, while a part of the 




Demanding funds at St. Albans bank during 
Fenian raid 



The Civil War 



259 



company guarded the approaches. Then, talcing horses from the 
livery stables and saddles from the shops, the party rode away 
northward in small groups and escaped into Canada with 
$208,000. An alarm had been given before the raiders left. 
The citizens began to gather and some shots were fired. 
One Am^erican was wounded mortally and one raider severely. 
To guard against further incursions a company of infantry 
home guards was organized at St. Albans, and two companies 
of cavalry were raised in the northern part of the State, 
which constituted the first regiment of frontier cavalry. 




Shrewsbury Pond 

" To one who has been long in city pent 
'Tis very sweet to look into the fair 
And open face of heaven." 



26o 



History of Vermont 



CHAPTER IX 



The Spanish American War. 




HE PEOPLE of the United States were 
unable to endure complacently the oppres- 
sion and atrocities perpetrated on the 
inhabitants of Cuba by the Spanish govern 
ment, and were annoyed at the inter- 
ruption of American commerce carried on 
with the island. 

Consequently relations became strained between the 
United States and the kingdom of Spain ; the 
battleship " Maine " was blown up in Havana Harbor 
February 15, 1898, and w^ar was declared by the United 
States April 18. 



2. Admiral Dewey. — The Pacific 
squadron was in Hong Kong Bay, 
under command of Vice-Admiral 
George Dewey, a native of Mont- 
pel ier. In accordance with the rules 
h of warfare it was necessary for him 
to leave Hong Kong. He could not 
enter any other neutral harbor for 
Admiral George Deweythe purpose of coaling, and it was 
difficult fo.r him to reach the nearest port of the United 
States. Therefore, and in accordance with instructions from 
Washington to " find the Spanish fleet and capture 
or destroy it," he sailed for the Philippines, entered 
Manila Bay on the early morning of May i, opened fire 




The Sl^'\NISH- American War 



261 




upon the Spanish vessels anchored there, and sent the whole 
fleet of ten boats to the bottom. It was done 
without the loss of a man to the Americans. This 
was one of the greatest naval victories recorded, and marked 
Dewey as one of the greatest naval heroes of the world. 

3. Captain Clark. — The Oregon, under command of 
Captain Charles E. Clark, a native of Bradford, was on the 
coast of California. 
She was needed at 
Santiago, Cuba. Clark 
was ordered to get her 
there, and he did. She 
steamed the 13,000 
miles without a mishap 
or strain, swung into 
line with the other 
battleships at Santiago 
Bay, reported ready 
foractionand 

participated in the naval engagement of July 3, in which the 
entire Spanish fleet was sunk. That was the finest sailing 
record ever made by a battleship. The superb manner in 
which it was done, the bravery on the part of Clark, as he 
was ignorant of the location of the Spanish fleet and thought 
it might be cruising off the east coast of South America, at 
once placed him in the front rank of the nation's heroes. 

Not many Vermonters were engaged in conflict with the 
Spanish on land ; however, the first regiment of Vermont 
volunteers, consisting of fifty officers and nine hundred eighty 
men, was mustered into the U. S. service, but was retained 
in camp at Chickamauga Park, Georgia, where it experienced 
with a large part of the Volunteer Army gathered there 
severe suffering and loss from disease and death. 



Admiral Clark's birthplace at Bradford 



262 



History of Vermont 



A sequel to the war with Spain was the resistance against 
the United States government on the part of the Filipino 
people, the archipelago having passed over to American 
sovereignty from that of Spain by virtue of the treaty of 
Paris. Many Vermonters were engaged in the suppression 
of this rebellion and distinguished themselves in the service. 
A suitable testimonial was voted by the legislature of 1904 
to the Spanish War Volunteers. 




Old Glory and the American Eagle 



Present Conditions 



2b3 



CHAPTER X 



Present Conditions — Education 




OPULATION. (i) The population of the 
State in i860 was 315,098; in 1870, 330,55i ; 
in 1880, 332,296; in 1890, 332,422, and in 
1900, 343,641. The population diminshed 
in the ten years from 1850 to i860, in 137 
towns; from i860 to 1870, in 145 towns; 
from 1870 to 1880, in 137 towns; from 1880 to 1890, in 
185 towns; and from 1890 to 1900, in 162 towns. 

2. Representation. — One of the results to Vermont 
of the census of 1850 was the reduction of the 
number of her representatives in Congress to three. 
This number was retained for thirty years, since which the 
State has had but two representatives in Congress. The 
congressional districts of the present day correspond very 
nearly with those of 1791. 

3. The County. — We have seen that the county took 
on a new character with the introduction of the senate in 
1836. A further development of that character occurred 
in 1850, upon an amendment of the State con- 
stitution requiring the election of the chief county 
officers to be made by the freemen of the county. 
This change was effected by the adoption of amendments 
fourteen to twenty, inclusive. Another step in the same 
direction was taken soon after by the legislative enactments 
in respect to the sale of intoxicating liquors and requiring 
the election of county commissioners. By reason of a still 



264 History of Vermont 



later enactment, that of 1872, authorizing the county judges 
to order the assessment of an annual tax, the county has 
been endowed with another function, and is now a self- 
taxing body. 

4. Changes in the Constitution. — In 1870 the con- 
stitution of the State was so amended as to provide for 
biennial sessions of the legislature in place of annual sessions, 
and for biennial instead of annual elections of State and 
county officers. In 1880-83, a further amendment of the 
constitution was made, adding the secretary of State and the 
auditor of accounts to the list of officers to be chosen by 
the freemen of the State. 

By legislative enactments of 1880, women are empowered 
to vote in school districts and in town meetings 
for school officers, and to hold school offices and 
the office of town clerk. 

The legislative provision (1824) for the choice of 
presidential electors by the freemen, the constitutional 
amendments requiring the election of county officers 
(1850) by the freemen, and increasing the number 
of State officers (1883) to be chosen by the free- 
men, are worthy of notice for their extension of the direct 
power of the people. 

5. Industrial Changes. — Some important industrial 
changes have taken place during the last fifty years. The 
introduction of agricultural machinery has led to a 
very general substitution of horses for oxen in farm 
work. The shortening of the time of harvest, par- 
ticularly of the haying season, gives time for much work in 
the fall that was formerly done in the spring, and brings 
the seeding time to close at an earlier period. The 
feeding of western grain and the use of artificial fertil- 
izers are new departures in agriculture, and the intro- 



Present Conditions 265 

duction of cheese factories and creameries is still more 
recent. 

The local manufacture of boots and shoes has nearly 
ceased, and men's and boys' clothing is mostly brought from 
the cities ready-made. 

6. The City and the Country. — The influence of 
the city upon the country has greatly increased since the 
introduction of railroads and trolley lines. The chief summer 
resorts have become such within the era of rapid travel. 
Manchester, Woodstock and a score of other places owe their 
celebrity to the easy communication between the city and the 
country. The telegraph and the telephone bring important 
news quickly to every hamlet, and the afternoon mail brings 
the morning daily paper from the city to almost every town 
in the State. 

7. Religious Activity. — Some changes in the modes 
of religious activity are evident and are significant 
of new conceptions on the part of Christian people. 
It is sufficient here to notice the general omission of 
an afternoon preaching service in the churches, the 
greater prominence of the Sunday school, the great 
number of young people's religious societies, many of 
them including several denominations, and the structure of 
the modern church edifice. Once a single audience room, 
with a small entrance hall, was all that was required for a 
church building; now, in addition to these, a lecture room, 
parlor and kitchen are possessed or sought for by nearly every 
church in the State. 

8. The State and Education. — A State board of 
education was created in 1856 with authority to 
appoint a secretary who should devote his whole time 
to the promotion of education in the State. The first secre- 
tary, J. S. Adams of Burlington, served eleven j^ears with 



26b 



History of Vermont 




Bradford Academy — " Woods School Building 
Incorporated November 2, 1820 




Northfield High and Graded School 



Present Conditions 



267 



great ability and enthusiasm. By his lectures, teachers' 
institutes and reports he aroused the people to new efforts 
in behalf of their schools. Until 1864 a portion 
of the expense of the schools might be, and in 
many districts was, laid on the pupils attending the 
schools. Since that time the common schools have been 
supported wholly on the grand list or from the income of 
public funds. The graded school for our villages, with a 
high school for one of its departments, became an essential 




Edmunds High School, Burlington 

part of our school system during the period of Mr. Adams' 
service, and normal schools were established for the training 
of teachers. In 1874 a state superintendent of educa- 
tion was substituted for the board of education and 
its secretary, but with no important change in the 
school system of the State. In 1888 a system of county 
supervision was introduced in place of town super- 
vision, and continued nearly two years ; and in 1892 
the town system of schools was introduced. In 1894 free 



268 History of Vermont 



text books were voted by the General Assembly. In 1906 
free high school privileges were extended to all pupils quali- 
fiedfied to receive such, and a district supervision system 
by the combination of towns was established. 

9. The Huntington Fund. — The Huntington fund 
became available in 1886, and was a gift to the State of 
Vermont by Arunah Huntington, a native of Vermont, who 
acquired wealth in Brantford, Canada. The amount of this 
fund is $211,131.46 and has been used by the State, but the 
interest was divided equally among the towns in proportion 
to their population. In 190b this fund was merged into the 
permanent school fund of the State. 

10. Industrial School. — The Vermont Industrial 
School, an institution for the education of criminal 3'outh, 
was established in 1865 at Waterbury, under the name of 
Reform School. Afterwards it was removed to Vergennes, 
and in 1894 'ts name was changed to Industrial School. 
It is a school of manual as well as of mental train- 
ing. Its purpose is to shield its inmates from bad 
influences and to enable them to engage successfully in some 
lionorable pursuit. 

11. Normal Schools. — The normal schools are under 
the control of a board of normal school commis- 
sioners, and tuition is free to all qualified to enter. Each 
school has two courses of study, which together extend 
through three years. Graduates from high schools and 
academies are admitted to a one-year course. 

12. Randolph Normal School. — The Orange County 
Grammar School of Randolph was incorporated in 1806, 
but had been in operation several years prior to 
that time. It continued as a county grammar school, 
or academv, until 1866, when it became a normal school 



Present Conditions 269 

by the action of the trustees. By the acceptance of the 
conditions of an act of the legislature of 1866 it 
passed under State patronage and control February 
26, 1867. To and including 1906 it has sent out 1,286 
graduates from its lower course, and 169 graduates 
from the higher course of study, the most of whom have 
taught in the public schools. 

13. Johnson Normal School. — The Johnson 
Academy began in a shoe shop, somewhat revised, in 1828. 
A few years later a new building was provided for it, and 
in 1836 it was incorporated as the Lamoille County 
Grammar School. In 1866 its building was enlarged, and 
in December of that year the school was approved by the 
board of education as a State normal school. It began work 
under State supervision February 26, 1867, The whole 
number of its lower course graduates, to and including 1906, 
is 939, and of higher course graduates 42. 

14. Castleton Normal School. — October 15, 1787, 
it was enacted by the General Assembly of the State of 
Vermont, " That the place for keeping a county grammar 
school in and for Rutland county shall be at the house 
commonly known by the name of the New School House, 
near Dr. William Woolcott's, in said Castleton; 
provided that the county of Rutland shall not be 
at any cost in completing or repairing the same." 
The Rutland County Grammar School still exists, 
and it is the oldest chartered educational institution 
in the State. At a special meeting of the board of 
education held at Castleton August 22 and 23, 1867, a 
proposition made by the trustees of the institution named 
above to the board to make it a normal school was accepted, 
and the State Normal School at Castleton was established. 
The whole number of lower course graduates from 



(18) 



270 History of Vermont 

•this school up to and including 1906 is 936, and of higher 
course graduates iii. 

15. University of Vermont, — The University of 
Vermont was chartered in 1791. Its first class entered in 
1800 and graduated in 1804. The college building was 
occupied for military purposes and college work was sus- 
pended during a part of the war of 18 12. In 1824 the 
college building was burned. The corner stone of a new 
building was laid the next year by General Lafayette. The 
medical department, first established in 1821 and afterwards 
suspended, was revived in 1853. The Vermont Agricultural 
College was chartered in 1864, and the next year was 
incorporated with the university. A farm and experiment 
station were added in 1888. Instruction is given in three 
departments: 

The Department of Arts, including 
The Course in Arts, 
The Literary-Scientific Course. 

The Department of Applied Science, including 
A Course in Civil Engineering, 
A Course in Theoretical and Applied Chemistry, 
A Course in Agriculture and Related Sciences, 
A Course in Metallurgy and Mining Engineering. 

The Department of Medicine. 

The laboratories of the university are ample, and it has 
a valuable museum and an art gallery. The Billings Lib- 
rary, one of the finest buildings of its kind in the country, 
contains a library of about sixty-six thousand volumes. In 
addition to the Billings Library building, there have been 
added to the University plant within a few years 
the Williams Science Building — one of the best of 
its kind in New England — a dormitory for young 



Present Conditions 



271 



men, a residence for young women students, the 
buildings and equipments of the experiment station, 
mechanical buildings, a gymnasium, Morrill Hall, for agri- 
cultural purposes, and three cottages. A new medical build- 
ing has recently been constructed. 

The University admits both men and women as 
students, except to its course in medicine, which is for men 
only. 

In its roll of graduates are found the names of men 
eminent in all departments of human activity. 

Including 1906, the number of graduates in the depart- 
ment of Arts and of Applied Science is 1,840, in the de- 
partment of Medicine is 2, 1 20; total, 3,960. The number 
engaged in military service in the Spanish-American war and 
in the Philippines was 32. 

16. MiDDLEBURY CoLLEGE. — Middlebury College is 
pleasantly situated near the Otter Creek, in a region remark- 
able for its fertility, healthful- 
ness and natural beauty. 
Westward are the mountains 
beyond Lake Champlain; east- 
ward, the Green Mountains. 
Within a few hours ride are 
Grandview, the highest of the 
Red Sandrock mountains, 
Bread Loaf Inn, on a high 
plateau, and Lake Dunmore, a 
beautiful sheet of water at the 
foot of high mountains, all 
famous summer resorts. Middle- 
bury College was the first in 
Vermont to send out graduates. 
It was chartered in 1800, and held its first Com- 
mencement in 1802. It is now open to students of 




John G. Saxe 



272 



History of Vermont 



Governors 
Stewart ; 
Saxe, the 
land. A 



poet ; Edward 
few of those 



both sexes, and offers two courses of study, the 
Classical Course and the Latin-Scientific Course. The 
cabinet, laboratories and library are sufficient for the 
present needs of the college, and have recently been housed 
in elegant and commodious buildings. The faculty consists 
of a president and twelve professors. 

Among the distinguished graduates from this college, the 
following residents of Vermont may be mentioned: 
Stephen Royce, William Slade, John W. 
Professor R. D. C. Robbins; John G. 
J. Phelps, minister to Eng- 
who have gained distinction 
in other States are Samuel 
Nelson, the jurist; Silas Wright, 
the statesman; Truman M. 
Post and J. E. Rankin, clergy- 
men ; Henry N. Hudson, 
Shakesperian critic; Stephen 
Olin, John J. Owen, James D. 
Butler, Jonathan A. Allen and 
George N. Boardman, educa- 
tors. The whole number of 
graduates from the institution, 
to and including igo6, is 1,635 

Captain Alden Partridge, born at'" the department of arts, and 
Norwich in 1785; founder 1 54 in the department of 
of Norwich University science. 




17. Norwich University. — Norwich University grew 
out of a military school begun at Norwich in 1819 by 
Captain Alden Partridge. It was incorporated in 1834, 
and held its first Commencement in 1836. The institution 
was removed to Northfield in 1866. It offers 
instruction in four regular courses, those of Science 



Present Conditions 273 

and Civil Engineering, of Chemistry and Physics, 
of Science and Literature, of Arts. This was the 
first institution in the country to lay down a 
purely scientific course of study, and, up to the 
time of the Rebellion, the only one which embraced 
in its curriculum thorough military, classical and scientific 
courses. When the general government called for men to 
suppress the great rebellion, the student body responded with 
such unanimity that for two years the University did not 
have any graduates. The law provides that the corps of 
cadets may be enlisted in the militia of the State of Vermont 
as a battery of artillery, company of signal corps and com- 
pany of engineers. The institution contributed 525 com- 
missioned officers to the country in the Mexican War and 
the Civil War. The whole number of its past cadets is 
about 1,800, and of its graduates about 502 up to 1906. 
Ninety Norwich University men were in the Spanish-Amer- 
ican War, and the institution has twenty-five men in the 
regular army. 

18. The Vermont Colleges. — In accordance with 
legislative enactments of 1884 and 1888 the State offers 
thirty scholarships to each of her three colleges. A scholar- 
ship pays at least the tuition of a student. Persons may be 
appointed to these scholarships by the State senators of the 
several counties, or if these fail to make appointments, the 
appointments may be made by the trustees of the several 
colleges. 

19. Educational Tendency. — A few facts indicate 
the recent tendency of the educational movements in 
this State. The most significant are the support of 
the public schools entirely at the public expense, the 
multiplication of free high schools, the effort to improve 
all common schools by the better preparation of teachers. 



274 



History of Vermont 



the opening of the colleges to women, the establishment of 
scientific courses of study in the colleges, the endow- 
ment of academies, and the institution of public 
libraries. These all look toward the better education 
of all the people. 

In 1906 provision was made for the professional super- 
vision of schools by the combination of towns in districts, 
and generous financial aid was provided therefor ; a per- 
manent school fund, consisting of the War Claims Fund, 
the Huntington Fund and the United States Deposit Money, 
was established ; State aid was granted for the transport- 
ation of pupils and in encouragement of the centralization of 
schools ; elementary and high schools were legally defined ; 
and the school code was thoroughly revised. 

20. The Opening of the Twentieth Century. — 
The closing years of the nineteenth century and the opening 
of the twentieth were characterized by praiseworthy 
activities in various lines. Electricity became exten- 
sively applied to lighting, 
manufacture, communication 
and transportation, and business 
received a new impulse thereby. 
Industrially, various new manu- 
factures were introduced and 
many old ones received new 
vigor; the marble business 
greatly increased and the 
granite industry surpassed all 
prophecy in regard to growth 
and output. Agriculturally, a 
greater interest in scientific 
farming has been awakened 
through the state board of 
agriculture, the experiment station at Burlington, and the 




Old well and sweep of first settlers, 
Otter Creek valley 



Present Conditions 275 



grange, so that in every valley results are apparent in better 
stock, better tillage, better products. 

Educationally there has been a radical change from former 
methods of teaching and administration, and better educa- 
tional facilities are afforded. Home life on the farm and in 
the village and city has improved, the things that contribute 
to culture and comfort abound, and better sentiments socially 
and religiously prevail. 

The love and loyalty of non-resident sons and daughters 
of Vermont have always been proverbial. Many tangible 
evidences of it are manifested in the numerous and substan- 
tial town halls and library buildings that have been erected 
in various towns of the State by loyal sons and citizens in 
recent years, as well as in the constantly recurring visits of 
themselves and their families to the old home. 

All the foregoing indicate a progressive spirit on the part 
cf the citizens of Vermont, sustain the prestige and reputa- 
tion of the state and people and are the earnest of better days 
to come. 

21. Vermont's Contribution. — The inheritance from 
the Puritans and the Pilgrims of unswerving allegiance to 
conscience and duty gave to the early settlers of 
Vermont the foundation of their sterling character. 
The toil involved in subduing forest and field and 
in meeting the demands of a vigorous climate made 
them prudent, industrious and thrifty; while the 
Revolutionary War, the contention with New York, 
and the constant effort for the protection of them- 
selves and their property developed in them a spirit 
of independence and a keen understanding of the 
rights of men and the fundamental principles of 
government. The strength and stability of the rugged 
hills and mountains rendered them strong in faith, 



276 



History of Vermont 



steadfast in purpose, and triumphant in their efforts; 
while the abounding beauty of field and wood, of 
hill and valley, and the daily contact with nature 
in her best and primitive state softened their hardier 
selves and gave to them a refreshing charm and frankness. 
Later the church and school lent a wholesome atmosphere 
that has aided in transmitting to later generations the worth 
and character of the hardy first citizens of the new common- 
wealth. 

From such sturdy stock there have gone forth from 
Vermont many of her sons and daughters, a few to 





Charles G. Eastman, a Vermont poet, died 

in Montpelier September 16, 1860 
"when Ethan Allen ruled the State 

With steel and stolen scriptur' 
And waged, alone, against New York 
His 'Beech Seal' war, and whipt her." 



Julia C. R. Dorr, poet 

"Taught that truth is the grandest thing 
Painter can paint, or poet sing" — Dorr 



obtain distinction, many to win honors, all to be highly 
esteemed. From her non-resident sons Vermont has 
given to the nation a distinguished president, Chester A. 
Arthur, two vice-presidents, William A. Wheeler and 
Levi P. Morton , four cabinet officers and several assistants , 
ambassadors to Germany, France and Russia, and ministers 
to numerous other countries, fourteen United States 



Present Conditions 277 



senators, eminent naval and military officers, a United 
States Philippine Commissioner, and governors of various 
states; and has contributed to every field of human activity 
and achievement. 

Many resident sons of Vermont have also been conspicuous 
in the affairs of the nation and the world. The state has 
furnished cabinet officers in CoUamer and Proctor, an 
assistant secretary of the navy in Charles H. Darling, a 
governor-general of the Philippines in Henry C. Ide, 
ambassadors to Italy and England in Marsh and Phelps and 
ministers to various countries, distinguished statesmen m 
Ira Allen, Foote and Morrill, eminent jurists in Chipman, 
Redfield and Edmunds, artists in Thomas Powers and 
Larkin G. Mead , writers in D. P. Thompson and Rowland 
E. Robinson, poets in John G. Saxe, Julia C. R. Dorr and 
C. G. Eastman , and numerous prominent clergymen, educa- 
tors, journalists, physicians, and business men. 

In the 1906 volume of "Who's Who," over 15,000 dis- 
tinguished citizens of the United States are mentioned. Of 
this number 320 are credited as natives of Vermont, which 
gives to the state a larger number of eminent persons, accord- 
ing to population, than any other state in the Union. Of 
the number credited to Vermont, 79 are stilf residents of the 

State. 

It is well for a State to laud her distinguished sons, to 
boast of her achievements, to rejoice in her prestige and 
leputation; but it is better for a State to conserve her 
elements of strength, to deepen the roots of character and to 
look forward toward greater deeds and men. In this way 
Vermont will continue to maintain her reputation among 
her sister states, and reproduce in still greater sons those 
qualities that have already made her great as a State. 



278 



History of Vermont 




Important Dates 279 



DATES IMPORTANT TO VERMONTERS 



1690 



Lake Champlain discovered July 4, 1609 

Fort St. Anne built by the French on Isle La Motte. . 1666 
Settlement in Vernon, not later than. . . . 

Raid against Schenectady 

Fort built by the English at Chimney Point. . 
First English expedition through the Lake. 

Raid against Deerfield 1704 

Fort Dummer Built 1724 

French settlement on Chimney Point 1730 

Boundary line run between New Hampshire and 

Massachusetts 1 740-41 

Bennington chartered 1 749 

Settlements at Bellows Falls and Springfield I753 

Bennington Settled 1761 

The boundary line between New York and New 

Hampshire determined by the King 1764 

First convention on New Hampshire Grants 1765 

Massacre at Westminster i775 

Capture of Fort Ticonderoga May lO, 1775 

American Colonies Declared Independent. . . . 

July 4, 1776 
Vermont Declared Independent 1 

Y 1777 

Constitution of Vermont formed .... J 



28o History of Vermont 



Battles of Hubbardton and Bennington I777 

First election under the Vermont constitution. 

1778 



First Meeting of Vermont Legislature, 

Great Britain acknowledges the independence of the 

United States 1783 

Vermont Enters the Union 1791 

Voted to make Montpelier the capital 1805 

State prison built at Windsor 1809 

War with Great Britain begun 1812 

Battle of Plattsburg and the Lake 18 14 

The Champlain canal opened * 1823 

Presidential electors first chosen by the freemen 1828 

Executive council abolished, Senate introduced 1836 

The first telegraph line opened in Vermont. . 



l*irst railway passenger tram m Vermont. 

County officers first chosen by the freemen 1850 

Fort Sumter captured, first call for troops. . April 14, 1861 

St. Albans raid October 19, 1864 

General Lee Surrendered April 9, 1865 

Biennial sessions of the legislature begun 1870 

Each county becomes a self-taxing body 1872 

First electric lights in Vermont 1885 

Town system of schools 1 892 

First electric railway in Vermont 1893 

Capture of Manila by Admiral Dewey May i, 1898 

Dedication of Ethan Allen memorial tower, Burlington 

August 16, 1905 
Centennial Celebration at Montpelier of location of 

capital October 4, 1905 



Grand List 



2«I 



The Grand List of Vermont, 1906, is $1,904,461.45 

This list consists of the Poll List of 91,071 

polls at $2.00 per poll, amounting to. . $ 182,142.00 

And one per cent of a Property List consist- 
ing of the appraised valuation of 
5,251,068 acres of land at 
$129,276,413.00, and personal property, 
above debts, amounting to 

$42,955,532.00; total, $172,231,945.00. 

One per cent of $172,231,945.00 $1,722,319.45 



Grand List $1,904,461.45 




The Vermont State Flag 



282 



History of V'ermont 



STATE OFFICERS— GOVERNORS 



A List of Persons ivho have held the Office of Governor since the 
organization of the State, and their Portraits 



Thomas Chittenden 1778-89 

Moses Robinson 1789-90 

Thomas Chittenden* ...1790-97 
Paul Brighamt, Aug. 25 to Oct. 
16, 1797 

Isaac Tichenor 1797-07 

Israel Smith 1807-08 

Isaac Tichenor 1808-09 

Jonas Galusha ..1809-13 

Martin Chittenden 1813-15 

Jonas Galusha 1815-20 

Richard Skinner 1820-23 

Cornelius P. Van Ness. . 1823-26 

Ezra Butler 1826-28 

Samuel C. Crafts 1828-31 

William A. Palmer 1831-35 

Sil.is II. Jennisonl 1835-36 

Silas H. Jennison 1836-41 

Charles Paine 1S41-43 

John Mattocks 1843-44 

William Slade 1844-46 

Horace Eaton 1846-48 

Carlos Coolidge 1848-50 

Charles K. Williams. ... 1850-52 

Erastus Fairbanks 1852-53 

John S. Robinson 1853-54 

Stephen Royce 1854-56 

Ryland Fletcher . 1856-58 



Hiland Hall 1858-60 

Erastus Fairbanks 1860-61 

Frederick Holbrook ....1861-63 

J. Gregory Smith 1863-65 

Paul Dillingham 1865-67 

John B. Page 1867-69 

Peter T. Washburn|| 1869-70 

George W. Hendee§ . . . .1870 

John W. Stewart 1870-72 

Julius Converse 1872-74 

Asahel Peck 1 874-76 

Horace Fairbanks 1876-78 

Redfield Proctor 1878-80 

Roswell Farnham 1880-82 

John L. Barstow 1882-84 

Samuel E. Pingree 1884-86 

Ebenezer J. Ormsbee. ... 1886-88 
William P. Dillingham. 1888-90 

Carroll S. Page 1890-92 

Levi K. Fuller 1892-94 

Urban A. Woodbury. .. .1894-96 

Josiah Grout 1896-98 

Edward C. Smith. 1898-00 

William W. Stickney. .. 1900-02 
John G. McCullough. . .1902-04 

Charles J. Bell 1904-06 

Fletcher D. Proctor 1906 



* Died in office Aufust 25, 1797. 

t Lieutenant Guvernor, acting Governor on the deatli of Governor Chittenden 

I Lieutenant Governor, Governor by reason of no election of Governor by the people. 

II Died in office, Feb. 7, 1870. 

§ Lieutenant Governor, Governor by reason of the death of Governor Washburn. 

Portraits of Moses Robinson, Ezra Butler, Horace Eaton, Carlos Coolidge, have never ap- 
peared in any text book before, the first two being composite pictures executed in 1905 from 
sketches approved by descendants. 

This is the first text-book to contain ponraits of all the governors of the State. 



GOVERNORS OF VERMONT 





Thomas Chittenden, 1st and 3-d Gov., 
1778-89, 1790 97. 18 years 



Moses Robinson. 2nd Gov.. 1789-90 





Paul Brii;h;\m, 4th (iA., 2 mos., 1797 Isaac Tichenor, 5tli an. I 7tli (,uv., 11 yrs. 





Profile of Israel Smith, 6tli Gov., 1807-8 Jonas Galusha, 8th an 1 10th Gov., 9 yrs. 





Martin Cliitteiiden, 9th Gov.. 181M5 Richard Skinner, 11th Gov., 1820-2} 





Cornelius i'. Van Ness, 12th Gov., 1823 26 Ezra Butler, 13th Gov., 1826 28 




Samuel C. Crafts, 14tli Gov., 1828-31 \\ ill:..!ii 






Silas H. Jrriiiisoii. 16tli ami 17tli Gov., 1835-41 Charies Paine. 18th Gov., 1841-4! 




John Mattocks, 19th Gov., 1843-44 




William Slade. 20th Gov., 1844-46 





Horace Eaton, 21st Gov., 1846-48 Carlos Coolidge, 22nd Gov., 1848-50 

(285) 



(19) 





Charles Kilhorn Williams. 2!rd Gov. 
1850-52 



Erastus Fairbanks. 24th and 29tli Gov. 
1852-55, 1860-61 





John S. Robinson. 25th Gov.. 1853-54 



Stephen Royce. 26th Gov.. 1854-56 





Ryland Fletcher. 27th Gov.. 1856-58 Hiland Hall, 28th Gov.. 1858-60 

(286) 





Frederick Holbrook. ?0.1« Gov., 1861-63 John Gregory Smith, 31s, Gov.. 1863 65 





Paul Dillingham, 32nd Gov., 1865 67 



John B. Page, 33rd Gov., 1867-69 





Peter T. Washburn, 34th Gov.. 4 m. 1869-0 George W. Hendee, 3 5th Gov.. 8 m. 1870 

(287) 





Joliii W. Stewart, 36tli Gov., 1870-72 



Julius Comerse. </tli i,o\.. 1x7^-74 




Asahel Peck, 3Stli Gov., 1874-76 





Horace Fairbanks, 39tli Gov., 1876-78 




Redfield Pr 



If'^S-SO Rusucll Karnlnm. 41.st (...i.. liSU-!i2 

(288) 





John L. Barstow. 42nd Gov., 1882-84 Samuel E. Pingree. 4Jr<i Gov., 1884-86 





Ebenezer J. Ormsbee. 44th Gov., 1886-1 



W. P. Diilingliam, 45th Gov., I888-9U 





Carroll S. Page, 46th Cov,, 1890-92 Levi K. Fuller. 4'tli (.ov.. 1592-9-* 

(289) 





Urban A. Wi lluir\ 4Stli ( ,,,i .. 1S94-96 



Josiah Grout, 49tliC, 





E. C. Smitli, SOth Gov.. 1898-1900 William W. Stickney, 51st!Gov., 1900-2 





John G. McCullough, 52nd Gov.. 1902-4 Cliarles J. Bell, 53rd Gov., 1904-6 

(290) 



State Officers 



291 




Fletcher D. Proctor, 54th Gov., 1906- 



STATE OFFICERS— LIEUTENANT- 
GOVERNORS 

A List of Persons ^vho have held the Office of Lieutenant 
Governor since the Organization of the State 



Joseph Marsh 1778-79 

Benjamin Carpenter 1779-81 

Elisha Payne 1781-82 

Paul Spooner 1782-87 

Joseph Marsh 1787-90 

Peter Olcctt i790-94 

Jonathan Hunt 1794-9^ 

Paul Brigham* 1796-13 

William Chamberlain ..1813-15 

Paul Brigham 1815-20 

William Cahoon ....... .1820-22 

Aaron Leland 1822-27 

Henrv Olin 1827-30 

Mark Richards 1830-31 

Lebbeus Edgerton 1831-35 

Silas H. Jenniso.n* 1835-36 

David M. Cam.p 1836-41 

Waitstill R. Ranney 1841-43 

Horace Eaton 1 843-46 

Leonard Sargeant 1846-48 

Robert Pierpoint 1848-50 

Julius Converse 1850-52 

William C. Kittredge. .. 1852-53 

Jefferson P. Kidder 1853-54 

Ryland Fletcher 1854-56 

James M. Slade 1856-58 

* Acting Governor 



Burnam Martin 1858-60 

Levi Underwood 1860-62 

Paul Dillingham 1862-65 

Abraham B. Gardner. . .1865-67 

Stephen Thomas 1867-69 

George W. Hendee* 1869-70 

Geore-e N. Dale 1870-72 

Russell S. Taft 1872-74 

Lvman G. Hinckley 1874-76 

Redfield Proctor 1876-78 

Eben R. Colton 1878-80 

John L. Barstow 1880-82 

Samuel E. Pingree 1882-84 

Ebenezer J. Ormsbee 1884-86 

Levi K. Fuller 1886-88 

Urban A. Woodbury 1888-90 

Henry A. Fletcher 1890-92 

F. Stewart Stranahan. .. 1892-94 

Zophar M. Mansur 1894-96 

Nelson W. Fisk 1896-98 

Henrv C. Bates 1 898-00 

Martin C. Allen 1900-02 

Zed S. Stanton 1902-04 

Charles H. Stearns 1904-06 

George H. Prouty 1906- 



292 



History of Vermont 



FEDERAL RELATIONS 



■Idmission of Vermont into the Union, and tables exhibiting the 
names of all persons ivho have been Senators and Representa- 
tives in Congress 



At a convention held at Bennington Januarj' 6, 1791, it was 
finally determined by a vote of 105 yeas to 2 nays to make applica- 
tion to Congress for admission into the Union. On the tenth day 
of January, 1791, the Legislature met at Bennington; and, on the 
tSth of the same month, Hon. Nathaniel Chipman and Lewis R. 
Morris, Esq., were appointed commissioners to attend Congress and 
})resent the request of the State for such admission. The commis- 
sioners immediately entered upon the duties of their appointment; 
and, on February 18, 1791, the approval of an Act of Congress was 
made, by which " Vermont shall be received and admitted on March 
4, 1791," thus being the first State that was admitted into the Union 
after the adoption of the Federal Constitution. 

SENATORS IN CONGRESS 
From 1791 to 1905 



First Class 

Moses Robinson* 1791-96 

Isaac Tichenor* 1796-97 

Nathaniel Chipman ....1797-03 

Israel Smith* 1803-07 

Jonathan Robinson 1807-15 

Isaac Tichenor 1815-21 

Horatio Seymour 1821-33 

Benjamin Swift 1833-39 

Samuel S. Phelps 1839-51 

Solomon Foott 1851-66 

George F. Edmunds. ... 1866-91 
Redfield Proctor 1891- 



Second Class 

Stephen R. Bradley 1791-95 

Elijah Paine 1795-01 

Stephen R. Bradley 1801-13 

Dudley Chase* 1813-17 

James Fisk* 1817-18 

William A. Palmer 1818-25 

Dudley Chase 1825-31 

Samuel Prentiss* 1831-42 

Samuel C. Crafts 1842-43 

William Uphamt 1843-53 

Samuel S. Phelps 1853-54 

Lawrence Brainerd 1854-55 

Jacob Collamert 1855-65 

Luke P. Poland 1865-67 

Justus S. Morrillt 1867-99 

Jonathan Ross 1899-00 

William P. Dillingham. 1900- 

" First and second class " relate to classes as defined in the second 
clause, third section, first article, of the Constitution of the United 
States. 



■ Resigned 



t Died in office 



Federal Relations 



293 



^^^3z$>,.. 




Senator Solomon Foot 
1851-66 




Senator Jacob Collamer 
1855-65 




Senator Justin S. Morrill 
1867-99 




Senator George F. Edmunds 
1866-91 



Portraits of Redfield Proctor and William P. Dillingham, senators 

at time of publication, will be found among the governors, 

pages 296 and 297 respectively 



294 



History of Vermont 



REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS 
From 1791 to 1905 



Nathaniel Niles 1791-95 

Israel Smith 1791-97 

Daniel Buck 1795-99 

Matthew Lyon 1797-1801 

Lewis R. Morris ... .1797-1803 



Israel Smith .. . ._ 
William Chamberlain . , 

Martin Chittenden 

James Elliot 

Gideon Olin 

James Fisk 

James Witherell* 

Samuel Shaw 

William Chaniberlain . . 

Jona. H. Hubbard 

James Fisk 

William Strong 

William C. Bradley.... 

Ezra Butler 

Richard Skinner 

Charles Rich 

Daniel Chipman 

Luther Jewett 

Chauncey Langdon 

Asa Lyon 

Charles Marsh 

John Noyes 

Heman Allen of Colches- 

tert 

Samuel C. Crafts 

William Hunter 

Orsamus C. Merrill.... 

Charles Rich 

Mark Richards 

William Strong 

Ezra Meech 

Rollin C. Mallor> 

Elias Keyes .... 

John Mattocks 

Phineas White 

William C. Bradiev 

D. Azro A. Buck. ." 

Ezra Meech 

John Mattocks . 

George E. Wales 

Heman Allen of Milton. 



801-03 
803-05 
803-13 
803-09 
803-07 
805-09 
807-08 
808-13 
809-11 
809-11 
811-15 
811-15 
813-15 

813-15 
813-15 
813-15 
815-17 
815-17 
815-17 
815-17 
815-17 
815-17 

817-18 
817-2. 
817-19 
817-19 
817-25 
817-21 
819-21 
819-21 
819-31 
821-23 
821-23 
821-23 
823-27 
823-29 
825-27 
825-27 
825-29 
827-29 



Benjamin Swift 1827-31 

Jonathan Hunt+ 1827-32 

William Cahoon 1827-33 

Horace Everett 1829-43 

William Slade 1831-43 

Heman Allen of Milton. 1832-39 

Hiland Hall 1833-43 

Benjamin F. Deming. .. 1833-35 

Henry F. Janes 1835-37 

Isaac Fletcher 1837-41 

John Smith 1839-41 

Augustus Young 1841-43 

John Mattocks 1841-43 

George P. Marsh 1843-49 

Solomon Foot 1843-47 

Paul Dillingham 1843-47 

Jacob Collamer 1843-49 

William Henry 1847-51 

Lucius B. Peck 1847-51 

William Hebard 1849-53 

James Meachamt 1849-56 

Ahiman L. Miner 1851-53 

Thomas Bartlett, jr 1851-53 

Andrew Tracy 1853-55 

Alvah Sabin 1853-57 

Justin S. Morrill 1855-67 

George T. Hodges 1856-57 

Eliakim P. Walton 1857-63 

Homer E. Royce 1857-61 

Portus Baxter 1861-67 

Fred'k E. Woodbridge. . 1863-69 
Worthington C. Smith. . 1867-73 

I uke ". Poland 1867-75 

Charles W. Willard 1869-75 

George W. Hendee 1873-79 

Dudley C. Denison 1875-79 

Charles H. Joyce 1875-83 

Bradley Barlow 1879-81 

James M. Tyler 1879-83 

William W. Grout 1881-83 

Luke P. Poland 1883-85 

John W. Stewart 1883-91 

William W. Grout. . .1885-1900 
H. Henry Powers. .. .1891-1900 

Kittredge Haskins 1900- 

D. J. Foster 1900- 



* Resigned in 1808, to accept the appointment of Federal Judge in Michigan Territory 
t^Resigned in 1818, and was appointed U. S. Marshal for Vermont 
tiDied in office 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT 
OF VERMONT 

AND THE UNITED STATES 

REVISED 1907 







I. Civics Text 
II. Constitution of Vermont 
III. Constitution of the United States 




u 



Civil Government of Vermont 



INTRODUCTORY NOTE 



The following text on Civics is not intended as an ex- 
haustive treatise of the subject, but rather as a clear and 
concise statement of the essential governmental principles 
that should be taught in the public schools, of the qualities 
that enter into good citizenship, and of the processes of law 
making and administration. The chief benefits to be derived 
are best secured by the individual pupils learning facts con- 
cerning the business affairs of the town, studying details of 
administration and investigating phases of local and state 
government. Accordingly, the teacher is reminded that the 
text is a means rather than an end, and that ample oppor- 
tunity is afforded for supplementary work on the part of the 
pupils. These chapters are published with the hope that 
they may be so employed by the teachers that the pupils will 
be thoroughly impressed with their duties and responsibilities 
as citizens. 

The regular text is followed by copies of warnings of 
various meetings and of ballots used in the general elections 
of 1904; also by the Constitutions of Vermont and of the 
United States. 



2()3 



Civil Goverxmext of Vermont 



CIVICS 



FREEMAN'S OATH— You solemnly sicca,- {or affirm) 
that ivhenever you give your vote or suffrage, touching any 
matter that concerns the State of Vermont, you ivill do it so 
as in your conscience you shall judge ivill most conduce to 
the best good of the same, as established by the constitution, 
ivithout fear or favor of any man. 



CHAPTER I 



1 


I 

h n 


w 



Preparation for Citizenship 

N ALL RELATIONS to the State ft is one's 
highest duty to be a good citizen. In order 
to be a good citizen it is necessary, first, to 
be a good man or a good woman ; and, in order 
to be either, it is necessary to have good prin- 
ciples. Principles are the forces that direct 
and control conduct. Therefore a good man or a good 
woman is a person of good conduct. 

Opportunities for exercising right principles are afforded 
in the home, at school, and with associates; and 
this exercise of right principles is the training 
necessary for the forming of right habits and for 
becoming a good citizen. 

The impulses of most children are to do right, and little 
training is necessary. Other children may not be 
so fortunatelv endowed, or, through unfortunate associa- 



Preparation for Citizenship 299 



tions, may have practiced wrong principles, and so the 
cultivation of right habits is slower and more difficult. 
Principles of right conduct can usually be determined by 
asking the question "Is it right?", or by asking subordinate 
questions such as "Is it kind?", "Is it true?", "Is it honest?", 
"Is it fair?", "Is it just?" That which decides between right 
and wrong principles is called conscience; but frequently a 
question of expediency or a question concerning the better 
of two courses arises and then the judgment acts 
as arbiter. Conscience and judgment are both train- 
able through exercise; and the more they are trusted, exer- 
cised and followed, the stronger and more intelligent they 
become. 

When a right principle becomes thoroughly in- 
trenched in one's life it becomes a virtue ; and so 
we speak of home virtues, of school virtues, of social virtues, 
and of civic virtues, — all developed by the exercise of right 
principles. 

The highest principle is service, and the charm of service 
is the glad manner in which it is rendered. In the home 
each child should contribute his share of service to the 
family ; should have certain appointed tasks to perform ; and 
these should be performed regularly and willingly. Also, 
in all family relations, there should be kindness and cordial 
respect. The earliest opportunity for the exercise of 
right principles and for training in the virtues is 
in the home. Here, as in school and in life, the 
cardinal virtue is obedience, the characteristics of 
which are willingness, promptness, and exactness. If 
anything is done unwillingly or through coercion it is mere 
conformity. 

The school is practically the home enlarged in its relations 
and in its work. Consequently the virtues cultivated in the 
home are still further developed at school. But in the school 



3O0 



CiNiL Government of Vermont 



new sets of virtues are brought into prominence through 
the new relations and through work of a new character. 
In the schoolroom the teacher is the authority 
rather than the parents; associates are others than 
brothers or sisters; and the work necessarily differs from that 
of the home. 




High school pupils at drill 

« 

The chief virtues to be exercised at school are punctuality 

and regularity in attendance; industry, independence and 
order in work ; cheerful obedience to the rules and regulations 
of the school; kindness and fairness toward all. The child 
at school has more frequent and severe tests of his virtues 
than at home, and any child that stands the tests of char- 
acter at school will undoubtedly endure those of later years. 
In the schoolroom there should be no dissimulation, there 
should be no disposition to select the mistakes and defects of 
other pupils and speak of them, there should be no 
shielding of intentional wrong by silence or evasion; 



y 



Preparation for Citizenship 



301 



but frankness and truthfulness should prevail, the 
excellence of other pupils should be observed and spoken 
of w^ith pleasure, a sense of right conduct as con- 
ducive to the best w^ork andreputation of the school 
should dominate, and a 



+A7bc d7f rtTjif I V SON 

^H f .iher.Khich in 1m- 

^mti *rKlnj<Jo<ncome.<h> t 

w,iibcJ,.ruoi)E«ri}i,.itti,i„l 

IHtfvtA. GictuithijDjyourl 

»t>itt«rpifii«lonu<: AoJ 
P.«s<J M OMiaiolToiif «ii!<Jti,(M( 



healthy school conscience 
should be maintained. On 
the playground there should 
be no unfairness, no de- 
ception, no taking advan- 
tage, no indulging in ill- 
will, no keeping of pos- 
sessions not rightfully 
earned; but there should be 
a spirit of fairness and 
justice; the game should be 
played, not for the mere 
u^inning, but for the test- 
ing of skill by skill; and 
manliness and honor should 
characterize every act. 

As service should be the 
chief purpose in life, its application probably can be 
governed best by the follow^ing rule, — "The greatest 
good to the greatest number in the greatest 
degree." Now, in order to be well equipped and 
qualified to render the \ best service, it is necessary 
for one to care for himself and to train his 
powers. Good service cannot be rendered unless one 
has a vigorous body, and a vigorous body depends 
upon cleanliness, plenty of proper exercise, sufficient sleep 
and rest, pure air and wholesome food. One should abstain 
from all excesses and wrong indulgences, and any habit 



Horn-book, used in Colonial 
times 



(20) 



302 Civil Government of Vermont 

that impairs the health of the body should be avoided. 
Furthermore, the state of one's mind is generally de- 
pendent upon bodily health. Peevishness, unkindness and 
loss of spirit are frequently the result of a weak or deranged 
physical condition; while cheerfulness, readiness to serve, 
and a strong personality are usually the characteristics of a 
healthy body. 

Likewise it is necessary to have the mind well trained, 
and for this immediate purpose the public schools are chiefly 
maintained. Keen observation of things and affairs, close 
attention to business or work at hand, a ready and retentive 
memory, clear and logical reasoning power, and good judg- 
ment are cardinal mental virtues, and are developed by 
exercise, the same as other virtues. The object of attending 
school should not be so much for acquiring facts as gaining 
power, not so much for absorbing knowledge as radiating It, 
not so much to know as to understand ; and the question 
most frequently asked should be " why " rather than 
" how." Education should not be separated from 
life, and whatever Is gained In the schoolroom 
should find a practical application In life. Also the 
mental emotions of beauty, pleasure and cheerfulness, 
together with right desires, appetites, propensities and 
affections should be trained. But that which carries Into 
ciiEect all plans and purposes, that which needs especial 
training In most people, is a strong, free will. The train- 
ing of the mind gives power, but the training of the will 
makes one effective. 

In the consideration of one's best service to others. It Is 
necessary also to consider those moral forces which are exer- 
cised In the various relations among men. The Declara- 
tion of Independence, July 4, 1776, enumerates as " inalien- 
able rights" "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness." 
All of these rights we highly prize and jealously guard, and 



Preparation for Citizenship 303 



they have made us strong as a nation. Our ideas of liberty 
should be clear and fixed, and intruoion upon the rights 
of others should be avoided. While there is vouchsafed to 
us liberty of conscience, liberty of thought, liberty of speech, 
and liberty of action, still this does not imply that there are 
no bounds. One's liberty ends where another's liberty 
begins. Therefore one has no right to slander or malign 
another and so injure his reputation, to deprive him of any- 
thing that rightfully belongs to him, or to coerce him in 
any unlawful manner, for all such acts infringe upon his 
right to the "pursuit of happiness." 

In the common relations among men there are a few 
special virtues that need be cultivated. 

1. Courage. — A courage to say "yes" to the right as 
well as "no" to the wrong; a courage to speak good 
rather than ill ; a courage to stand for the right even in the 
face of a wrong majority; a courage that will not desert 
truth, justice, and the tests of character and conduct. 

2. Self-Control. — One cannot control others unless 
he has self-mastery. There is an old proverb which says, — 
" He is a fool who cannot be angry: he is a wise man who 
will not." " Only one get angry at a time," is a safe rule. 
When angered by the offensive conduct or language of an- 
other, it generally debases one's self to retaliate by giving 
like for like. A loss of self-control is usually followed by 
a loss of self-respect. Not only does self-control pertain 
to anger, but it also includes calmness in times of trouble, or 
danger, or excitement of any kind, and its exercise at such 
times often forefends greater trouble or disaster. 

3. Kindness. — Kindness is a reciprocal virtue; it gives 
and gets in return ; the more one has, the more he receives. 
The strength and number of one's friends are measured 
by it, and it cheers and brightens life more than any other 



304 



Civil Government of Vermont 



virtue. From it spring that courtesy that always charms 
with its graciousness, that thoughtfulness that so readily 
administers to another, and that willingness that would 
make amends for any harm done or offense given. 

4. Purpose. — Men lack purpose more than they lack 
knowledge, and most of the wrong of the world is the lack 
of a right purpose. The highest purpose is to be of some 
good service. This includes all minor purposes, whether 
learning a trade or doing a neighborly act, and it also 
includes the purpose to be true, to be honest, to be manly, 
at all times and under all conditions. 

And so the influence of the home, the teaching of the 
school and the training that comes through associates should 
well prepare one for good citizenship and life. 




Monument erected in Williston in 1896 in memory of the 
first governor of Vermont, Thomas Chittenden 



Preparation for Citizenship 



305 



CHAPTER II 




Organization 

LL SOCIETY, whether the home or the 
nation, is organized under and governed, 
consciously or unconsciously, by a code of 
laws, or set of rules, written or unwritten. 
Such laws or rules are necessary in order to 
secure peace to society, perpetuity to govern- 
ment, and the ends for which society and government exist. 
Government is the administration of laws or rules. 
A law is a rule of action established and enforced by 
authority. 

A rule is a guide for conduct or action ; it is not so fixed 
and arbitrary as law. A law declares what must be done, 
a rule usually prescribes how it should be done ; one is 
invariable in its application, the other has exceptions. 

A principle is a fundamental truth used as a starting 
point and to control action. 

A method is simply a manner of doing anything, and a 
statement of a method is therefore a rule. Men differ 
more in methods than in principles. In every organization 
there must be laws, or rules, and authority to enforce them ; 
and, in order that the purposes of the organization may be 
realized and its business transacted in proper form, it is 
necessary to have officers. And so in organizing a school 
Into a club or society, it is necessary to have officers to carry 
into effect the purposes of the organization. The purposes 
are usually stated in a preamble to a constitution. 



3o6 Civil Government of Vermont 



A constitution is a set of articles specifying officers, man- 
ner of election, duties and powers, and mode of modifica- 
tion of constitution by amendments. Also there is some- 
times a set of rules, or by-laws, regulating the minor details 
of the organization. In organizing, it is usually well for 
some one to call a meeting of those interested in the project. 
On assembling, the one issuing the call, or giving the 
notice, calls the meeting to order, states the purpose of the 
meeting, and calls for the nomination of a presiding officer, 
usually called chairman. If the one who is presiding is 
nominated, then the person who makes the nomination is 
expected, after the nomination has been seconded, to sub- 
mit the nomination to a vote on the part of those present. 
If some other person is nominated, the one presiding sub- 
mits the nomination to a vote. In case two or more are 
nominated for the office, a ballot is usually taken ; other- 
wise the vote may be by acclamation or show of hands. 
After the election of the chairman and his acceptance of 
the same, a secretary or clerk is elected for the purpose of 
keeping the records of the meetings. As soon as an organ- 
ization is thus far accomplished, then the questions of a 
permanent organization and of the election or appointment 
of a special committee to draw up a constitution and by-laws 
can properly be considered. After this business has been 
transacted, then the meeting may adjourn, subject to the 
call of the chairman or of the special committee, according 
to the vote of adjournment. 

After the committee has performed its duties and the 
next meeting assembles according to notice given, the chair- 
man calls the meeting to order, states the business at hand, 
calls for the report of the special committee on constitu- 
tion and by-laws, and awaits the pleasure of those assem- 
bled. As the business to come before the meeting is the 
acceptance or non-acceptance of the committee's report, a 



Preparation for Citizenship 307 

motion is usualh^ made and seconded for its acceptance, 
and a vote is taken to that effect. If the report is accepted, 
then the question of adoption of the constitution and by-laws, 
either complete or article by article, is presented in the 
proper form of a motion. Sometimes the acceptance of a 
committee's report and adoption of constitution and by- 
laws are included in one motion when the report apparently 
is generally satisfactory. As soon as the constitution and 
by-laws are adopted, the club or society can proceed at 
once to organize under the constitution and by-laws, either 
by electing officers at once or by empowering the chairman 
to appoint a committee who shall present a list of officers 
at the meeting in session or at a subsequent meeting, accord- 
ing to the nature of the vote. The report of the nomi- 
nating committee may be accepted or rejected, but it is 
usually accepted. Acceptance is understood to include 
election ; but it is better form for the motion for accept- 
ance to carry with it the motion for election also. If the 
constitution prescribes the election of officers by ballot, and 
if the list submitted by a nominating committee apparently 
is acceptable, then it is customary for some one to move that 
the secretary be instructed to cast the ballot for the whole. 
The motion carried, the secretary should so do, and the 
chairman declares the election of the various officers nomin- 
ated. If any member objects to this method of election, 
then a ballot is in order. Directly upon the election of 
officers, the chairman of the meeting, provided he is not 
elected to succeed himself, calls the chairman or president 
to the chair, retires, and the organization is ready for 
business. 

In organizing there are certain terms, forms, and 
methods with which all should first become acquainted. The 
presiding officer in senates, incorporated companies, clubs, 
boards of aldermen of cities and various public and private 



3o8 Civil Government of Vermont 

organizations is usually called the President; in the national 
house and in the state house of representatives, he is called 
the Speaker; in conventions, meetings, and committees, he 
is called the chairman ; in town meetings, he is called the 
moderator; in city councils, he is usually the Mayor, and 
is so called. 

A quorum is the number specified in the constitu- 
tion as necessary to be present for the transaction of 
business, — in legislative assemblies usually a majority is a 
quorum. 

A motion is a proposition submitted to a deliberative 
assembly for action, — to do something, to cause something 
to be done, or to express an opinion. When it is presented 
by the presiding officer for acceptance or rejection it is 
called a question; if adopted it becomes the order, vote or 
resolution of the assembly. A vote is an expression of 
opinion or choice. There are various methods of voting, 
the simplest of which is by voice, called viva voce, by which 
each favoring a measure or nomination says " Aye " or 
"Yes;" those disfavoring say " No," • and the chairman 
decides according to his estimate of the majority of voices. 
Whenever the vote is close it is the duty of 4:he chairman to 
state that the "Ayes" or "Noes" appear to have it; to 
wait a moment; then, if there is no dissent, to declare the 
vote. When in doubt, he may call for a show of hands, 
a standing vote, or a calling of the roll; or anyone voting 
may appeal from the chairman's decision on a viva voce 
vote to one of another method. The show of right hands, 
affirmative and negative in turn, is a quiet, simple and 
accurate method and is in common use in clubs and socie- 
ties. Nine-tenths of all public votes, however, are taken 
by an " Aye " or " No " vote. In legislative assemblies 
the doubt in a viva voce vote is usually dissolved by the 
members standing, affirmative and negative in turn, until 



Preparation for Citizenship 309 

they are counted by the clerk; in the British Parliament 
the result is reached by a division of the house, the affirma- 
tive on one side and the negative on another. Also a 
division of the house is sometimes resorted to in meetings 
held in places unprovided with suitable seating capacity. 
The roll is sometimes called when it is desired to make 
a record of the attitude of any man or set of men; and 
voting by ballot is resorted to frequently when it is advis- 
able to maintain secrecy of attitude and freedom of action. 
A ballot can always be resorted to, and when demanded 
the chairman so orders. A nomination or an election by 
a viva voce vote is called a nomination or an election " by 
acclamation;" political elections, however, are usually by 
ballot. 

A majority means more than half; a minority, less 
than half; a plurality, more than any other. In the 
transaction of parliamentary business and in the election 
of most officers, a majority vote is invariably necessary; 
but in some elections, like that of a congressman, county 
and city officers, and justices of the peace, a plurality vote 
elects. 

In all deliberative bodies the method of procedure in 
the transaction of business is governed by certain commonly 
accepted regulations, called parliamentary rules, an acquaint- 
ance with the simpler forms of which is desirable and neces- 
sary. In case a company, club, or society is properly organ- 
ized, the chairman, generally styled president, calls the 
members to order at the appointed time, appoints a secre- 
tary pro tern, in case the regular secretary is not present, 
and proceeds with the business of the association. In case 
one wishes to make a nomination, he rises in his seat, ad- 
dresses the chairman as " Mr. President," waits until he 
is recognized, — the president calling him by name or denot- 
ing his position in the hall or room, — then makes the 



3IO Civil Government of Vermont 

nomination simply b}' saying " I take pleasure," or "I wish 

to nominate Mr. for ," naming the person and 

the office. In conventions and mass meetings the nomina- 
tion of a candidate is usually accompanied by a speech, but 
in mere social or business organizations and some 
deliberative bodies all encomiums are deemed 
inappropriate and unnecessary. The nomination 

is usually seconded in the same manner as it is made, — 
the one seconding, after addressing the chairman, simply 
says, " I take pleasure in seconding the nomination of Mr. 

for ," or " I second the nomination of Mr. 

for ." Then the president places the nomination before 

the organization by saying, " Nomination is made and 

seconded that Mr. be elected as . As many as 

favor his election to this office please signify it by saying 
'Aye.' " As soon as an affirmative expression is given, the 
president calls for those opposed, saying, "Those opposed, 
by saying ' No,' " and declares the election or non-election 
according to the majority vote. These forms are substan- 
tially those in common use in ordinary elections, but the 
wording varies according to the nature and size of gather- 
ing, the office to be filled, and the usage of the presiding 
officer. 

In the transaction of business other than elections, any 
one desiring to make a motion, after addressing the chair 
and bt'ing recognized, simply says, "I move that, etc." As 
soon as this is properly seconded, then the presiding officer 
puts the motion, using the precise language of the body of 
the motion, and asks the pleasure or action of those present 

somewhat as follows: "It is moved and seconded that . 

Is there anything to be said on the question?" The motion 
thus passes from the president to the members, and is then 
subject to discussion or amendment if desired. In case it 
is not modified or amended in any way, action is taken at 



Preparation for Citizenship 311 



once by the president putting it to a vote by saying "Those 
in favor of the motion say 'Aye,' " or "Those in favor of 
the motion signify it by saying 'Aye.' " After the affirmative 
vote is taken the negative is also taken, and decision is made 
by the presiding officer. The maker of a motion may with- 
draw his motion in case the presiding officer permits and 
there is no dissent. 

After a proposition is submitted it can be disposed of in 
one of seven ways: 

1. By action on the question, proposition, or measure, 
without modification. 

2. By indefinite postponement. 

3. By adjournment. 

4. By causing it to lie on the table, a temporary suspen- 
sion of further consideration. 

5. By consigning it to a committee. 

6. By amendment. 

7. By question of consideration. 

A proposition or measure may be amended by proposing 
an amendment which must either be accepted by the mover 
of the proposition or become a corporate part of the propos- 
ition by a majority vote. An amendment to an amendment 
can be made, but the privilege does not extend to a third 
amendment. After a measure or proposition has been acted 
upon, it can be recalled for further consideration by proper 
action, in which case it stands in the same state and condition 
as before the vote was taken. A motion for reconsideration 
must be made by some one voting in the majority. 

Although a question or measure may be under considera- 
tion, there are certain privileged motions relating to adjourn- 
nient and to privileges of the organization and members that 
take precedence. 

Also there are subsidiary motions relating to the disposal 
of a proposition or measure by methods already specified. 



312 Civil Government of Vermont 



Among subsidiary motions, that which brings up the question 
of propriety or validity of consideration has first place, that 
relating to tabling the measure has second place, that relating 
to amendments has last place, the others, such as to post- 
pone, to commit, and previous question have third place co- 
ordinately. 

There are also certain incidental motions that arise, such 
as those that relate to order, to reading papers, to withdraw- 
ing a motion, to suspending the rules, to the division of a 
motion, to method of consideration and to amending an 
amendment. 

For practice in parliamentary usages and for an acquaint- 
ance with town afiFairs, each school should occasionally be 
icsolved into a town meeting and proceed with the election 
of officers and the discussion of local questions. 



Town Government 



313 



CHAPTER III 



Town Government 




HEREVER there is organization there is 
authority and government, whether in the self- 
government ot the individual or in the divine 
government of the world. And so in the 
organization of a town there is town authority 
and town government, and what is true of 
towns in this respect is also true of cities. Provided an un- 
organized town contains no less than fifteen families, it 
may become a corporate 
town by the inhabitants 
organizing under the laws 
of the State and so em- 
powering themselves to 
transact business. If there 
are twenty families in such 
unorganized town, they 
must organize as a town. 
Consequently an organ- 
ized town consists of 
land, people and laws; 
and is thereby a civil 

government. The business delegated to a town by the laws 
of the State consists in electing town officers, laying and 
collecting taxes, building and caring for roads, maintaining 
schools, supporting resident poor, and various other matters 
of a local nature, and the method of transacting this business 
is controlled somewhat by law. 



Ntwburxf 



Newbury, chartered May 18, 1763 
(From an old plate) 




314 Civil Government of Vermont 

Election of Officers. — In accordance with law a meet- 
ing for the annual election of town and city officers and for 
the transaction of business is held in every town and city 
in the state on the first Tuesday in March. Notice is 
given to the voters in towns through a warning, drawn up 
and signed by the selectmen, specifying the place and the 
hour of the meeting and setting forth the subjects to be 
considered and business to be transacted. This notice must 
be recorded by the town clerk and posted in three public 
places twelve days before the meeting. On assembling at 
the appointed place and time the moderator elected the 
preceding year, or in his absence one of the selectmen, calls 
the meeting to order. The first business is to elect a moder- 
ator. After his election and assumption of office, the 
election of a town clerk naturally follows. This act is 
usually followed by the reading and discussion of various 
town reports, by the election of other necessary officers, and 
by the transaction of any other business which may properly 
come before the meeting at that time, especially such as is 
itemized in the warning. The othei,* officers, besides the 
moderator and clerk, elected at the regular town meeting 
vre: selectmen, invariably three, but four or five are per- 
missible; town treasurer; overseer of the poor; constable, two 
it necessary; collector of taxes, — constable in case of non- 
election of collector; listers, invariably three, but four or 
five are permissible ; auditors, three ; trustees of public money, 
one or more; fence viewers, three; town grand jurors, one or 
more ; inspectors of leather, one or more ; surveyors 
of wood and inspectors of lumber and shingles, 
one or more ; pound keepers, one for each pound ; 
road commissioners, one or two, elected by ballot ; town 
agent, for legal purposes; school directors, three, one each 
year; county grand and petit jurors, number determined by 
board of civil authority ; and sometimes other officers for 
local institutions or for special purposes. 



Town Government 315 

A special town meeting may be called by the selectmen, 
and shall be called by them upon a petition signed by six 
resident voters in town, and whatever business is specified in 
the warning may be transacted. 

Town officers are usually elected by acclamation, but a 
ballot for the election of the principal town officers must be 
taken on a call of three voters. Although the term of office 
is for one year, still officers legally hold over until their suc- 
cessors are chosen. Vacancies may be filled by appointment 
by the selectmen, or by election at special meetings. 

The pay for services of most town officers is generally 
fixed by the town ; however, a few town officers have fees 
for services, and others have per diem pay fixed by law. 
Selectmen, road commissioners, school directors, and over- 
seer of the poor can draw orders on the town treasurer; 
clerk, selectmen, constable, listers, town grand jurors and 
fence viewers are required to be sworn ; while constable, road 
commissioner, school directors, collector of taxes, treasurer, 
clerk and trustees of public money must give bonds, and 
overseer of poor may be required so to do upon vote of town. 
A board of civil authority, consisting of the selectmen, justices 
of the peace and town clerk, nominates the persons to serve 
as grand and petit jurors for county court, acts as a board 
for abatement of taxes, counts votes in elections by ballot, 
and decides questions pertaining to the suffrage rights of 
voters. 

The duties of the principal town officers are as follows: 

The moderator presides over and regulates the business of 
the town meetings. 

The town clerk makes a record of all business done in 
the town meetings, records deeds and other instruments and 
evidences respecting real estate, preserves the certificates of 
births, marriages and deaths returned to him, receives and 
distributes blanks, makes various reports and returns re- 



3i6 Civil Government of Vermont 

quired by law, and performs such other duties as the law 
requires. 

The selectmen have the general supervision of the con- 
cerns of the town, and cause duties required by the town 
and not committed to any particular officer to be performed. 
They have care of the school lands of the town, they divide 
the school money of the town between the town district and 
the incorporated school district if the town has such a dis- 
trict, they keep a record of accounts allowed by them and 
orders drawn and present it at the town meeting. They 
assess the highway tax and see that all tax bills are made 
out. 

The town treasurer is to receive and safely keep the 
moneys of the town and to pay out the same on proper order, 
and he is to keep an account of all moneys, bonds and notes 
paid to him, and of moneys paid out by him, which shall 
always be open to inspection; and he shall receive the taxes 
when so directed by the town. 

The overseer of the poor is to take charge of town paupers 
and to provide for needy persons in cases required by law. 

The constable is to preserve the peace and to execute all 
lawful writs and warrants directed to him, to serve as col- 
lector of taxes when no other provision for their collection 
is made, to warn and preside at freemen's meeting and presi- 
dential election. 

The town grand jurors inquire into offenses which may 
come to their knowledge within the town for which they 
are appointed, and present to proper authority such as In 
their judgment ought to be prosecuted. Presentments by a 
grand juror shall be made under his oath of office and official 
signature to a justice by information In writing. The grand 
juror may attend the examination of any person arraigned 
on such Information. 



Town Government 317 

The listers are to make a list of the taxable polls in the 
town and of the taxable property, both real and personal, and 
to appraise the same, and to lodge their list, when com- 
pleted, in the town clerk's office. An appraisal of all real 
estate except quarries is made quadrennially, and of improve- 
ments annually. 

The auditors examine and adjust the accounts of town 
officers and report their findings to the town. 

The town agent is to prosecute and defend suits in which 
the town is interested. 

The school directors employ the teachers for the schools 
and have care of the school property and the management of 
the schools. They elect a clerk of the board, truant officers, 
and a superintendent of schools, and purchase text-books 
and appliances for the schools. 

Town superintendents have direct supervision of the town 
schools, and two or more towns having not more than 70 
nor less than 30 schools may unite and employ a superin- 
tendent. Such officer shall report annually to the town the 
result of his labors. He can dismiss a teacher found incom- 
petent and makes recommendations to the school directors in 
regard to the condition of school buildings and needs of 
the schools under his charge. 

According to law, any male citizen, twenty-one years of 
age, resident in town, listed in town the April previous, may 
vote in town or city meetings, provided his municipal taxes 
are paid. On the same qualifications, excepting that of sex, 
women are entitled to vote for school officers, and are 
eligible to hold the offices of school director in towns 
or commissioner in cities, town clerk, school superin- 
tendent, town treasurer, and trustee of public library. 

The terms resident, citizen, voter, and freeman are not 
synonymous. A resident is one who is settled in a place; a 
citizen is a native of the United States or a foreigner natural- 



(21) 



3i8 Civil Government of Vermont 

ized into citizenship ; a voter is one who has the right of 
suffrage in town and freemen's meetings; and a freeman is 
one who is entitled to vote at the general elections, which in- 
clude freemen's meeting and presidential election. And so 
the term resident is the most general and includes citizens ; 
the term citizen includes voters; and the term voter includes 
freemen. A person may be a citizen of the United States, 
but not a citizen of the state ; however, he may become such 
upon becoming a resident and taking the prescribed oath. 

The process of naturalization consists of a declaration of 
intention to become a citizen of the United States and of re- 
nunciation of allegiance to any other government. This 
declaration is made before a court of record. Two years 
later, in case an applicant furnishes evidence of five years' 
continuous residence in the United States and one year with- 
in the state in which application is made immediately pre- 
vious to the application, and furnishes affirmative evidence 
that he has meanwhile lived a proper life and is well disposed 
to good order, he may take out naturalization papers on con- 
dition that he discards all titles of nobility if he has any, re- 
nounces his allegiance to any foreign power, is able to write 
his own language and able to read, speak and understand 
the English language, and takes an oath to support the con- 
stitution of the United States. A fee of five dollars and all 
subpoena fees of witnesses must be paid by applicant. The 
naturalization of an alien includes his wife and minor 
children. Children born abroad of American citizens do not 
lose citizenship, unless during their minority and residence 
abroad their parents absolve their allegiance to this country. 
If, however, the parents take the oath of allegiance to a 
foreign power, and the children during minority return to 
this country for residence, then said children remain citizens 
of the United States. In case a man dies between the period 
of making his declaration and taking the oath of allegiance, 



Town Government 319 

his widow may complete the process. An unnaturalized 
minor, having resided in this country at least three years 
prior to his majority, may, after attaining his majority, be- 
come a citizen on making application for citizenship and 
taking the oath of allegiance, provided he has resided five 
years in the United States. A person who has served in the 
United States army and has received an honorable dis- 
charge may become a citizen upon making oath to these facts 
and taking the oath of allegiance. The Chinese are excluded 
from the privilege of citizenship. The administration of the 
laws governing naturalization is lodged with the Depart- 
ment of Labor and Commerce. 

In several towns in the State there are incorporated 
villages to which certain rights and privileges are granted by 
charter ; the purpose being to create a corporation with power 
to provide for the maintenance and control of one or more 
of its public utilities, such as streets, lighting, and water 
supply, or to support and control its schools. The time of 
holding regular meetings and the officers to be elected are 
fixed by the charter. 

In Vermont there are six cities, each differing somewhat 
from every other in the form of its charter, but not much 
in the essentials. A city is a town or an incorporated village 
on a large scale. The chief executive officer is the mayor 
who, with the clerk, treasurer, auditors, assessors, city attor- 
ney, and a few other officers, is elected directly by the people, 
unless the charter provides for their appointment. The 
mayor usually is the presiding officer of the city council. On 
account of the populousness of the cities, the territory is 
generally divided into districts, called wards. In the cities 
of Vermont the aldermen, who compose the city council, are 
elected respectively one from each ward. From each ward 
also a school commissioner and ward clerk are usually 
elected, and sometimes other officers. The board of alder- 



320 CniL Government of Vermont 

men and the board of school commissioners have, according 
to the city charters, enlarged powers which take the place of 
certain privileges granted voters in towns. The mayor 
usually has power to appoint various city officers, such as 
street commissioner, police, health officers and the like, sub- 
ject to confirmation by the council; but occasionally a city 
charter reserves to the council the right to fill these offices 
by election. The board of school commissioners usually 
elects a president and clerk of this board and the superin- 
tendent of schools, and administers all affairs pertaining to 
the management of the schools. 

The duties of a city government pertain chiefly to raising 
and expending moneys for various city purposes, such as 
maintaining schools, care of streets and sewers, sustaining 
fire and police departments, supporting the poor, and pro- 
viding for the health, comfort and safety of its citizens. 
While the business of the city government is chiefiy of an 
executive character, still it has power to formulate and en- 
force ordinances governing parks, public buildings, streets 
and the like. All appropriations of moneys, other than that 
provided for by general law, and all exemptions of property 
from taxation, except such as is exempt by law, must be 
passed upon by voters in regular town or city meetings, or 
in meetings called for special purposes in these respects. In 
cities, all such questions are submitted to the voters in printed 
form. 




COXVENTIOXS AXD CAUCUSES 32 1 

CHAPTER IV 

Conventions and Caucuses 

S GOVERNMENT is for the administration of 
laws and for the promotion of the interests of 
the people, state, and nation, it is necessary 
therefore to have representatives, or agents, to 
administer its affairs and to secure its ends. 
In an absolute monarchy, the functions of the 
government are performed by the chief ruler ; in an oligarchy 
by a f ew^ men ; in a patriarchal form by the eldest ; but in a 
republican form of -government, like that of the United 
States, the people rule, and the officers are simply their agents. 
The selection of officers in a republican form of government 
is accomplished more expeditiously and satisfactorily by 
political parties than by independent action; and although a 
political party is the machinery through which officers are 
usually selected, it is not, in consequence, the machinery for 
the administration of the government and has no govern- 
mental powers. 

Attachment to and service in a political party is purely 
voluntary, and, consequently, any citizen has the privilege of 
allying himself at any time with whichever party he thinks 
will best serve his purposes and his ideas of government. 
Although the political party has no governmental power, 
still it has legal recognition in that its name and the names 
of its candidates may appear on the printed ballots used at 
the general elections. Affairs of a political party are man- 
aq:ed by a state committee composed of one member from each 
county; a county committee, usually composed of one from 
each town and city, manages the party affairs of 
the county; and a town or city committee, usually three in 



322 Civil Government of Vermont 

towns and one from each ward in cities, manages the party 
affairs in towns and cities. 

A party proceeds in the selection of a nominee for governor 
in the following manner: The party's state committee calls 
a state convention; each town and city committee calls a 
caucus; delegates in proportion to the party vote of the 
town or city at some previous election are elected to the 
state convention; a candidate for the governorship is selected 
at this convention. The party nominee having a majority of 
all the votes at the freemen's meetings throughout the state 
is elected governor; otherwise the election goes to the general 
assembly. A man aspiring to be governor, or allowing the 
use of his name therefor, is called a candidate; if nominated 
at the convention he becomes the nominee of his party; if 
elected, he is the governor-elect; after he has properly quali- 
fied by taking the oath, he is the governor. 

In the same convention in w^hich a candidate for the 
governorship is selected, candidates for lieutenant governor, 
secretary of state, state treasurer, auditor of accounts and at- 
torney-general are selected, and their election is accomplished 
in the same manner as that of governor. But in case no one 
of the candidates receives a majority of all the votes cast in 
the state, then the choice of such a state officer is made by the 
general assembly. The same method used in the election of 
governor is employed also in the selection of candidates and 
election of congressmen and of county officers, limited respect- 
ively, of course, to the congressional district and the county. 

To elect a town or city representative, caucuses of the 
different political parties are usually called, each party selects 
a candidate, unless a fusion is made, and the freemen choose, 
by a majority vote, the representative at the freemen's meet- 
ing. This election of representatives of the people to perform 
service for the people is the essential characteristic of a re- 
publican form of government. In a democratic form of 
government all having right of suffrage exercise this right 
and engage in the business of the meeting. The town govern- 



Conventions and Caucuses 323 

ment is practically a democracy. In it the element of party 
rarely arises; although in city elections it sometimes appears. 

In the selection of justices of the peace at the freemen's 
meeting there is seldom any party element; but all other 
officers elected at the general election are generally elected 
on strict party lines. Although the duties of town repre- 
sentative, county and state officers in no way pertain to the 
national questions upon which political parties are founded, 
still party fealty often unnecessarily and unwisely enters 
into the election of these officers, and the election is an in- 
direct way of expressing" loyalty to the party principles per- 
taining to the general government. 

The election of a president is somewhat complicated. First 
a presidential candidate has to be selected. This is done by 
national, state, and district committees respectively calling 
conventions, and town and city committees calling town and 
city caucuses. In the town and city caucuses delegates are 
elected to the district and state conventions; then each dis- 
trict convention elects two delegates and the state convention 
elects four delegates, with their alternates, to the national 
convention at which a presidential nominee is selected. The 
selection of four candidates for presidential electors in the 
Republican party is made at the same state convention in 
which a selection of candidates for the state offices is made, 
and the names of the four are presented to the freemen of 
the several towns at the presidential election on the first 
Tuesday after the first Monday in November. In the 
Democratic party the nominations for presidential electors 
are made at the same convention in which delegates are 
elected to the national convention. Similar rules govern the 
procedure of other political parties within the state. 

The four presidential-elector candidates having the highest 
number of votes in the presidential election are elected and 
can vote for president and vice-president. If a presidential 
candidate receives a majority of the votes of the presidential 
electors of all the states, he is elected ; otherwise the election 
goes to the congressional House of Representatives. 



324 



Civil Government of Vermont 



CHAPTER V 

General Elections 




Freemen's Meeting 

N THE FIRST Tuesday in September of every 
even year there is a general election, called 
freemen's meeting, held throughout Vermont. 
Those allowed to vote at this election must be 
male citizens, twenty-one years of age, resident 
of the state during the full year next preceding 
the election, of quiet and peaceable behavior, having taken the 
freeman's oath, and with names on the check list. To vote 
for county officers at the general election, residence in the 
county is necessary in 
addition to the fore- 
going qualifications; to | 
vote for town or city 
officers a residence in 5^ 
the town or city for £5 
the three months next ^- 
preceding the election 
is necessary. Also a 
citizen of the state may 
vote for state officers 
and presidential elec- 
tors in any other town First state House at Montpelier, 1808 

or city than that in which he is a permanent resident, pro- 
vided he files with the clerk of the town or city in which he 
desires to vote a certificate from the clerk of the town or city 
of his legal residence to the effect that his name is on the 
check list of the town or city in which he resides. Under 




General Elections 



325 



the same conditions within a congressional district one can 
vote for a member of congress. 

The meeting for the general election is warned in towns 
by the constable, who posts a warning in three public places 
at least twelve days before the election and has the same 
recorded in the town clerk's office before posting. The 
constable presides, the town clerk makes the records, the 
voting is by ballot and under the Australian system. By 
this system each voter presents himself to a ballot clerk; re- 
ceives a ballot with the printed names of the various can- 




Second State House at Montpelier, 1838 



didates and opposite each name a blank space ; passes into a 
small booth ; marks his ballot according to instructions 
thereon; folds it, and deposits the same in the ballot box, or, 
in some states, in a voting machine' designed for this pur- 
pose. Justice and representative tickets are printed on 
separate sheets and of different colors and are deposited in 
separate boxes of corresponding colors. Defective and re- 
jected ballots are canceled and returned to the city or town 
clerk for preservation. 

Sections of the laws governing elections, cards of instruc- 
tion, and sample ballots are posted five days before election 



326 Civil Government of Vermont 

in every post office of the town or city and in each polling 
place. In cities, the warnings are issued by the mayors, pub- 
lished and posted by the city clerks, and the voting is by 
wards and under the system described. 

The officers voted for are state, congressional district, 
county, probate district, and town or city. The state officers 
are governor, lieutenant governor, state treasurer, secretary 
of state, auditor of accounts, and attorney general ; the con- 
gressional district officer is the representative to congress; 
the county officers are state senators, assistant judges, sheriff, 
high bailiff, and state's attorney; the probate district officer 
is the judge of probate; and the town and' city officers are 
a representative to the general assembly, and justices of the 
peace who are commissioned by the governor and to whom 
is granted county jurisdiction. Each of the six southern- 
most counties is divided into two probate districts; the other 
probate districts of the state are identical in territory with 
their respective counties. 

In the administration of county affairs, the sheriff appoints 
his deputies, and the judges of the county court appoint the 
county clerk, county treasurer, county auditor, notaries 
public, jail commissioners, probation officer, and county road 
commissioners, the latter for cases of disagreement in or 
between towns. 

Duties of State Officials 

The state officers and the state boards, as a rule, are 
required by law to make a report of their doings, biennially, 
to the governor or general assembly. Copies of these re- 
ports are distributed according to the acts of the general 
assembly. 

The State Treasurer receives and cares for the funds of 
the state, pays out the same on proper orders, keeps an 



General Elections 327 

account of moneys received and paid out, issues warrants 
for the collection of state taxes, and performs any other 
duties required by law. 

The Secretary of State records all laws and resolutions 
passed by the general assembly, also all special charters of 
incorporation and documents as ordered by the general assem- 
bly, and acts as secretary of the joint assembly of the house 
and senate. 

The Auditor of Accounts examines and adjusts all claims 
against the state, allows such sums as he finds justly due, and 
draws orders on the state treasurer therefor. 

The Attorney-General is the chief legal officer of the 
state and it is his duty to furnish opinions to all state officers 
when required. He is to attend the sessions of the general 
assembly, assist committees in the preparation of bills, and 
to furnish opinions upon questions submitted to him by the 
general assembly. He has the general supervision of criminal 
prosecutions throughout the state and is by law bound to 
take charge of the preparation and trial of all homicide cases, 
and may appear in all other cases in which the state is in- 
terested or is a party, when, in his judgment, the interests of 
the state require. 

Insurance Commissioners. — ^The Secretary of State and 
State Treasurer are ex-officio insurance commissioners. They 
have general supervision of all insurance companies doing 
business in the state, and may license foreign companies to 
do business here. 

Duties of County Officials 

The Assistant Judges, together with a superior judge, 
constitute the county court. They have general oversight of 
the county buildings; may order, annually, if necessary, a 
county tax not exceeding two per cent of the grand list of 



328 Civil Government of Vermont 

the county; appoint license commissioners for such towns 
and cities as vote to license the sale of spirituous liquors ; 
approve of bills against the county ; and perform other duties 
required by law. 

The Sheriff is required to preserve the peace, serve writs, 
arrest persons charged with crimes or misdemeanors and 
draw and summon jurymen, and has the custody of county 
buildings, under the direction of the assistant judges. 

The High Bailiff is a vice or substitute sheriff^ He may 
serve writs that the sheriff cannot lawfully serve; having 
the proper authority, he may imprison the sheriff and act as 
sheriff during the sheriff's imprisonment. 

The State's Attorney is required to prosecute, in behalf of 
the state, for all offenses and causes proper to come before 
the supreme court or the county court in his county, to pre- 
pare bills of indictment, to take measures to collect such 
fines, costs and the like as are due to the state or county. 

The Judge of Probate hold court within and for his 
district for the probate of wills, and to appoint guardians for 
minors and others incapacitated to care for their property, 
and to settle the estates of wards and' deceased persons. 

A Justice of the Peace, the number of whom for each town 
is governed by an amendment to the state constitution, may 
administer oaths, issue warrants, hold justice courts and per- 
form other duties required by law. 

The County Clerk is required to make the necessary 
records of the proceedings of the supreme and county court 
and court of chancery for the county and to perform such 
other duties as the law directs. 

The County Treasurer receives and cares for the funds of 
the county and pays the indebtedness of the county upon the 
orders of the county clerk. 

The County Auditor is required to audit and settle the 
accounts of the county treasurer and report to the county 
judges. 



I 



General Elections 



329 



The Probation Officer has the custody of persons adjudged 
guilty of minor offenses and to whom is granted practical 
freedom in lieu of commitment to a penal institution. 

The County Examiner of Teachers examines and licenses 
teachers, and assists in preparing for and holding teachers' 
institutes and summer schools. 

PRESIDENTL4L ELECTION 

The qualifications for voting in presidential elections are 
the same as those for the general state election and the same 
system is used. Presidential elections are held on the first 
Tuesday after the first Monday of November of every year 
exactly divisible by four, and the officers elected are four 
presidential electors. 




The presenl State House, Montpelier, showing library extension 



330 



Civil Government of Vermont 



CHAPTER VI 



JL 


I 


li li li 



The Three Functions of Government 

N ALL GOVERNMENTS there are three 
functions, or departments, — legislative, or law 
making; judicial, or law interpreting; and 
executive, or law enforcing. In school, these 
powers are usually centered in one person ; in 
the home, they are held conjointly by the 

parents; in the State, they are quite distinct. The same 

functions are exercised by every self-governing individual; 

his reasoning faculties discuss 

A'hat is best; his judgment de- . '^ "~ ~' 

termines; and his will executes. 

In the state, the governor is 

:he chief executive; the general 

assembly is the law-makin.r 

power ; and the supreme court 

the law-deciding power. The 

governor, as chief executive 

looks after the general interests 

of the state, sees to it that the\ 

are conserved in the best man- 
ner, appoints and commission? 

public officers, is COmmander-in- Joseph Marsh, First Lieutenant-Governor 

chief of the state military of Vermont 

forces, and may grant pardons except for impeachment, 
murder and treason. But he also has a legislative function. 
In order that a bill may become a law it is submitted to 
him for approval. The lieutenant-governor presides over 




Functions of Government 331 

the senate and the meetings of the joint assembly of house 
and senate, and, in case of absence or disability of the 
governor, he succeeds to the office. 

The legislative department, or general assembly, meets on 
the first Wednesday in October of every even year and con- 
sists of a house composed of representatives, — one from each 
organized town and city electing a representative, — and a 
senate of thirty members, elected by the freemen of their 
respective counties. The number of senators to which each 
county is entitled is according to population, and the present 
apportionment gives Rutland county four senators; Chitten- 
den, Washington and Windsor counties, three each; Essex, 
Grand Isle and Lamoille counties, one each ; the remaining 
counties, two each. The lieutenant-governor is president of 
the senate and, in his absence, a president pro tempore, 
elected for the term from among and by the senators, pre- 
sides. 

The senate assembles at ten o'clock in the forenoon on the 
first Wednesday in October of every even year and is called 
to order by the president of the senate, the retiring lieuten- 
ant-governor. The names of the senators who have presented 
their credentials or certificates of election, furnished them by 
the clerks of their respective counties, are called, and if there 
is a quorum present they individually subscribe to the oath 
of allegiance and the oath prescribed for the general assembly. 
After this a secretary is elected. On the following day and 
after the governor has been inducted into office, the 
lieutenant-governor-elect is conducted into the senate 
chamber, takes the oath of office, assumes the chair, and the 
senate is ready for business. 

The senate was created in 1836, and is an essential part 
of the legislature. In addition to its regular legislative 
function it is empowered to propose amendments to the con- 
stitution, to try cases of impeachment, and to confirm cer- 



332 Civil Government of Vermont 

tain appointments made by the governor. In order to be 
eligible to the senate one must be a male citizen, thirty or 
more years of age, and a resident of the county which he is 
to represent. Senators receive for their services three dollars 
per day, and ten cents per mile each way for traveling ex- 
penses while in attendance upon the session of the legislature. 
The pay of the president of the senate is six dollars per day 
during the session of the legislature and the same mileagf 
as senators. 

At the same hour when the senate first assembles, the 
house is called to order by the secretary of state, who then 
proceeds to call the roll of the members who have presented 
their credentials to him. If there is a quorum, he proceeds to 
the election of speaker and presides at the election. After the 
election of speaker and as soon as he takes the chair, the 
duties of the secretary of state cease as a presiding officer. 
As soon as the speaker assumes the chair, the house elects its 
clerk. The clerk administers the oath to the members in a 
body and the house is practically organized for work. On the 
following day the house and senate meet in the hall of the 
house in joint assembly, before which the governor-elect is 
brought and to whom the oath is administered, invariably by 
a judge of the supreme court, after signing which he is quali- 
fied to act as chief magistrate. In addition to electing its 
speaker and clerk and performing its regular legislative duties 
the house is empowered to order all impeachments and to 
originate all bills of revenue. Eligibility to the house consists 
in citizenship of the state, residence in the state two years, 
residence in town or city at least one year next preceding 
election, and having attained the age of twenty-one years. 
Compensation for services is the same as that of senators 
and the speaker receives the same as the president of the 
senate. 



Functions of Government 333 



A bill, which is a draft of a proposed law, may be intro- 
duced by any member of the house or senate by presenting 
the same to the joint committee on revision of bills. This 
committee, within three days, deposits the bill with the clerk 
of the house or secretary of the senate, as the case may be, 
and he in turn presents it to the presiding officer for his 
examination and presentment. If a bill is introduced in 
the house, it is read twice by the clerk, by title only, unless 
reading the text in full is demanded by a member, and is re- 
ferred by the speaker to a committee. In each branch various 
committees have previously been appointed, to whom all bills 
are referred. After consideration of the bill by the committee, 
it is returned to the house with a report, signed by some 
member of the committee for the committee, recommending 
the passage or dismissal of the bill. Even if the committee 
reports adversely, a vote on the third reading of the bill is 
nevertheless taken, as the committee's report is purely ad- 
visory. In case the bill is of a private nature, the vote on 
the third reading is ordered immediately, but if of a public 
nature it is deferred for twenty-four hours. In case the third 
reading is refused, the bill is thereby killed. After the bill 
has been read the third time, the house votes upon its passage. 
In case it is passed by the house, it is presented to the senate 
by the clerk, or one of his assistants, and the method of pro- 
cedure is the same in the senate as in the house. If the bill 
passes the senate, it is returned to the house by the secretary, 
or his assistant, and, having been signed by the speaker of 
the house and the president of the senate, it is presented to 
the governor for his signature, upon which it becomes a law. 
If within the time in which the legislature is in session the 
governor neglects for five days, Sunday excepted, to approve 
or disapprove a bill presented to him, it nevertheless becomes 
a law; otherwise it does not become a law through his neg- 



(22) 



334 Civil Government of Vermont 

lect. If the governor vetoes it, it is returned to the legis- 
lative branch in which it originated, with the governor's veto 
and reasons therefor; but after reconsideration by each house 
it may become a law upon a majority vote of each. 

On the second Tuesday after the meeting and organization 
of a legislature whose duty it is to elect, the election of a 
United States senator occurs in the following manner and 
as prescribed by the statutes of the United States: "Each 
house shall openly, by a viva voce vote of each member pre- 
sent, name one person for senator in Congress from such 
state, and the name of the person so voted for, who receives a 
majority of the whole number of votes cast in each house, 
shall be entered on the journal of that house by the clerk 
or secretary thereof; or if either house fails to give such 
majority to any person on that day, the fact shall be entered 
on the journal. At twelve o'clock meridian of the day fol- 
lowing that on which proceedings are required to take place 
as aforesaid, the members of the two houses shall convene 
in joint assembly, and the journal of each house shall then 
be read, and if the same person has received a majority of all 
the votes in each house, he shall be declared duly elected 
senator. But if tlie same person has not received a majority 
of the votes in each house, or if either house has failed tc 
take proceedings as required by this section, the joint assembly 
shall then proceed to choose, by a viva voce vote of each 
member present, a person for senator, and the person whc 
receives a majority of all the votes of the joint assembly, a 
majority of all the members elected to both houses being 
present and voting, shall be declared duly elected. If no 
person receives such majority on the first day, the joint 
assembly shall meet at twelve o'clock meridian of each sue 
ceeding day during the session of the legislature, and shall 
take at least one vote until a senator is elected." 



Functions of Government 335 



The term of a United States senator is six years; both 
United States senators are not elected at the same session of 
the legislature; therefore a senator is not elected at every 
session. Whenever a vacancy occurs by death or resignation, 
the governor appoints until the next session of the legislature, 
when an election for the unexpired term is held in the 
manner stated. 

In addition to the election of a United States senator at 
time specified, the legislature, in joint assembly, on the after- 
noon of the third Thursday after the legislature meets and 
organizes, elects certain other state officials, who are in- 
cluded in the following list: 

State Officers Elected By General Assembly 

1. United States Senators. 

2. Judges of the Supreme Court. 

3. Superior Judges. 

4. Superintendent of Education. 

5. Sergeant-at-Arms. 

6. Trustees of the University of Vermont. 

7. Adjutant and Inspector-General. 

8. Judge Advocate General. 

9. Judges of the Court of Claims. 

The Superintendent of Education is required to hold 
teachers' institutes, visit all parts of the state and delivei 
lectures upon educational subjects, confer and advise with 
school officers and teachers, prepare and distribute school 
registers and blanks for the collection of statistics, report to 
the General Assembly, and may temporarily perform the 
duties of an examiner of teachers in case of examiner's in- 
ability or neglect. 

The Sergeant-at-Arms has the care of the state house and 
grounds, executes the orders of either house of the legis- 



336 Civil Government of Vermont 

lature, and maintains order among spectators in attendance. 

The Adjutant and Inspector General assists the com- 
mander-in-chief of the militia In correspondence, the issuing 
of orders, commissions, discharges, and in keeping the neces- 
sary records, and makes an annual inspection of state troops. 
As Quartermaster General, he takes care of the military 
stores of the state, designates the kinds needed, and disposes 
of any unsuitable for use under the direction of the com- 
mander-in-chief. 

The Judge Advocate General prepares charges and man- 
ages the prosecution when staff officers of the commander-in- 
chief are brought to court martial. 

Officers Appointed by the Governor and Confirmed 
BY THE Senate 

1. A State Highway Commissioner. 

2. Three Supervisors of the Insane. 

3. Three Trustees of Vermont State Hospital for 
Insane. 

4. Three Railroad Commissioners. 

5. A Commissioner of State Taxes. 

6. A State Geologist. 

7. A State Board of Health, consisting of three mem- 
bers. 

8. A State Board of Agriculture, consisting of three 
members. 

9. A Bank Examiner. 

10. A Fish and Game Commissioner. 

The State Highway Commissioner directs in the building 
of permanent roads, holds meetings of instruction, and deter- 
mines the amount each town is entitled to draw from the 
state treasury by virtue of new roads constructed. With the 



Functions of Government 337 



advice and consent of the governor he appoints county super- 
visors, who select roads for improvements, inspect the con- 
struction of roads and advise in the expenditure of the 
State aid. 

Supervisors of the Insane, as the name indicates, have 
powers under the law for the supervision of the inmates in 
all the asylums for treatment of the insane, public or private. 

Trustees of the State Asylum have the power of control 
and management of the state asylum for the insane at 
Waterbury. 

The Board of Railroad Commissioners has the general 
supervision of all railroads in the state. 

The Commissioner of State Taxes prepares and distri- 
butes blanks requiring a statement of all facts necessary to 
determine the amount of each tax to be paid by each cor- 
poration, company or person taxable under the law for tax- 
ing corporations; he revokes the licenses of agents of foreign 
companies making false returns and reassesses them or their 
companies; and he collects taxes from companies or corpora- 
tions assessed and refusing to pay. 

The State Geologist keeps a record of all facts relative to 
the geology of the state and transmits a copy of the same, 
upon request, to the governor for the use of the state. 

The State Board of Health is required to make and en- 
force regulations for the protection of the public health. 

The Board of Agriculture is required to hold at least one 
meeting in each county annually for the promotion of the 
agricultural interests of the county. One member of this 
board is designated by the governor as Forest Commissioner. 
The Bank Examiner examines the state treasurer's 
accounts and the books and papers of the auditor of accounts, 
and reports to the legislature; also he reports the condition 
of the savings banks and trust companies of the state. 



338 Civil Government of Vermont 

The Fish and Game Commissioner has the care and man- 
agement of the state fish hatcheries and the propagation of 
fish and game in the state, and has power to enforce the fish 
and game laws. 

The terms of office of the members of some boards do not 
expire at the same time and the boards therefore are con- 
tinuous bodies, the vacancies being filled by appointment 
annually or biennially according to the law creating the 
respective boards. 

Officers Appointed by the Governor 

The governor appoints the secretary of civil and military 
affairs; his stafif consisting of a surgeon-general, an inspector 
of rifle practice and four aides-de-camp; municipal judges; 
board of penal institutions, three; a commissioner of public 
printing; state board of dental examiners, five; state board of 
pharmacy, five; state board of library commissioners, five; 
state board of medical registration, seven ; state board of 
osteopathic examination and registration, three; three mem- 
bers of state board of normal school commissioners and one 
resident member to each normal school ; a cattle commis- 
sioner; five tuberculosis commissioners, three of whom shall 
be physicians; a state fair commission, consisting of one 
member from each county and one from the State at large, 
and of which the governor and the secretary of the board 
of agriculture are members ex officio; and some other officials 
of a more special or temporary nature. 

The Board of Penal Institutions directs the affairs of and 
has charge of the State prison, the house of correction and 
the industrial school, and may designate one of its members 
as purchasing agent. 

The Commissioner of Public Printing is empowered to 
make contracts for the printing of all journals, bills, bulle- 



Functions of Government 339 

tins, directories, documents, reports, books and the like, the 
expense of which is met by the State; and is also purchas- 
ing agent for all official supplies. 

The Board of Dental Examiners may grant licenses to 
practice dentistry to such persons as are found to be quali- 
fied. 

The Board of Pharmacy may grant licenses to practice 
pharmacy to persons who are found to be qualified. 

The State Board of Library Commissioners encourages 
the establishment of public libraries in towns, suggests in the 
selection of books, has charge of the traveling libraries, and 
sees that the provisions of the public library law are carried 
into effect. 

The State Board of Medical Registration has power to 
issue to applicants, on examination, licenses to practice medi- 
cine and surgery in the state. 

The State Board of Osteopathic Examination and Regis- 
tration has the power implied in its title. 

The Normal School Commissioners, together with the 
Superintendent of Education, have control of the Normal 
schools. 

The Cattle Commissioner examines herds and takes meas- 
ures to prevent the introduction and dispersion of disease 
among the cattle of the state. 

The Board of Tuberculosis Commissioners endeavors to 
inform people concerning tuberculosis, to give instructions 
concerning its treatment, to suppress it as far as possible, 
and to give care and assistance to those afflicted with the 
disease. 

Conjointly with the Superintendent of Education the 
Governor appoints the County Examiners. 



340 Civil Government of Vermont 

Courts of Vermont 

1. The Supreme Court. 

2. The County Courts. 

3. The Courts of Chancery. 

4. The Probate Courts. 

5. The Court of Claims. 

6. The Justice Courts. 

7. The Municipal Courts. 

The Supreme Court is composed of one chief judge and 
three associate judges. In case of a tie on the part of the 
judges, the judgment of the lower court stands affirmed; 
and in case a judge of the supreme court is disqualified to 
sit on a case or is unable to attend court, the chief of the 
superior judges, on request of the chief judge of the supreme 
court, may designate some superior judge to act as a judge 
of the supreme court. 

The Supreme Court is the highest court in the state, and 
is a court of law and equity. It has jurisdiction of such 
questions, not triable by jury, as are by law brought before 
it, and it may try and determine questions of law removed 
from the county and chancery courts and court of claims in 
pursuance of law. Three general terms of the supreme 
court are held at Montpelier in January, May and October; 
special terms are held at St. Johnsbury in February and at 
Rutland and Brattleboro in November, and additional 
special terms may be held at the discretion of the court. 

The County Courts have original jurisdiction in all civil 
and criminal cases within their respective counties, except 
such as are by law made cognizable by a justice, and may 
render judgment thereon or award sentence according to law. 
and may have appellate jurisdiction of causes, civil and 
criminal, appealable to such court. 

There is no superior court, but there are six superior 
judges elected by the legislature, the first elected being 



Functions of Government 341 

designated as chief judge. A superior judge and the two 
assistants elected by the voters of the county constitute the 
county court, two sessions of which are held annually in 
each county. The dates for holding court in the various 
counties is fixed by law, but the designation of the presid- 
ing judge for each session is left to the judges themselves, 
although the law prescribes rotation as far as practicable. 

The Court of Chancery is a court of equity. The powers 
and duties of the court of chancery are the same as those of 
the court of chancery of England, except as modified by the 
constitution and laws of the state, and it may grant injunc- 
tions against unjust acts, compel the fulfilment of obliga- 
tions, and foreclose mortgages. 

Each superior judge is a chancellor, and consequently 
may hold a court of chancery. Terms of the court of 
chancery begin on the days appointed for holding county 
court and special terms may be held when business requires it. 

The Probate Court has jurisdiction of the probate of 
wills, of the settlement of estates, of the appointment of 
guardians, and of the powers, duties and rights of guardians 
and wards. 

The Court of Claims consists of a chief judge and two 
associate judges elected by the general assembly. It examines 
and passes upon accounts against the state for the payment of 
which there is no direct provision in the law, and upon 
claims referred to it by the general assembly and by the 
auditor of accounts. 

The Justice Courts have jurisdiction, with some exceptions, 
of civil causes when the matter in demand does not exceed 
two hundred dollars, and in criminal causes when the pun- 
ishment is by a fine not exceeding ten dollars. 

The Municipal Courts are practically city courts. For 
Vergennes the court consists of the mayor and two aldermen, 



342 Civil Government of Vermont 

who are elected by the people. For each of the other cities 
the court consists of one judge appointed by the governor of 
the state. 

Jurors are called to act with the county courts and with 
justice courts. A grand jury is called once a year, and 
may be called oftener if necessary, to meet at the same time 
and place with the county court. It examines the charges 
against persons accused of crime, and inquires if the towns 
of the county have observed the law in certain particulars. 
It determines whether the parties inquired about shall be 
brought to trial. In Vermont a grand jury consists of 
eighteen men; and twelve, or two-thirds of them, must con- 
cur in an indictment, or formal charge, in order that the 
party, person, or town may be brought to trial. 

Petit Jurors are called twice a year, or with every term of 
the county court. They act in criminal and civil causes. The 
petit jury, usually called the jury, determines what the facts 
in the case are. Their decision is called a verdict. The 
petit jury consists of twelve men, and these must all agree 
in order to render a verdict. 

A jury may be called with a justice court, if either party 
desires, and it consists of six men. 

Persons for grand and petit jurymen are chosen by the 
towns in the March meetings. The names of the persons 
chosen are recorded by the town clerk and are sent by him 
to the county clerk, who is required to deposit them on 
separate slips of paper, in separate boxes, having a box for 
each town. At the proper time the assistant judges of the 
county determine the number of jurymen to be drawn from 
the several towns of the county and notify the county clerk 
of their decision. The county clerk notifies the sheriff that 
he is required to draw names for jurymen. The sheriff goes 
to the office of the county clerk and draws the names as re- 
quired ; then he notifies the persons whose names have been 



Functions of Government 343 

drawn that they are required to attend the court at the time 
and place appointed. About thirty petit jurymen are called 
in each county for each term of the county court. Twelve, 
who have been selected and sworn for a case, are called a 
panel. 

When a jury is required in a justice court, the officer of 
the court, usually a constable, is directed by the justice to 
write the names of eighteen men on slips of paper and de- 
posit them in a box. Then the box, or hat, is shaken and a 
name is drawn. If neither party objects, the person whose 
name is drawn is a juror. If all of the first twelve are 
objected to, then the remaining six are the jurors. If any 
of the six selected as jurors cannot be obtained, and the 
eighteen names have all been drawn, then three times as 
many names as there are vacancies to be filled are placed 
in the box, and the drawing is done as before. 



344 



Civil Government of Vermont 



CHAPTER VII 




Obligations of Citizenship 

HE RIGHTS and privileges of citizenship and 
suffrage carry with themselves certain duties 
and responsibilities concerning which all who 
enjoy these rights or privileges should be in- 
formed. 



I. It is the duty of all to be thoroughly 
informed concerning all matters of a public nature that may 
affect not only the individual but society in general, in order 
that each, either by vote or influence, may co-operate intelli- 
gently in securing justice or promoting the general good. 
These matters include not only local affairs, such as schools, 
roads, public buildings, parks and taxation, but also state 
and national affairs. 

2. Generally, on all matters of civic nature concerning 
which the citizen should be informed, the town or city voter 
has the privilege of voting, and it is his duty to vote in order 
that he may enhance the public weal. In accordance with 
the principles upon which society is based and by which it 
is governed, each individual is responsible, in a greater or 
less degree, directly or indirectly, for the conduct and wel- 
fare of others. The voter, by whose act in voting the 
welfare of society in general is especially affected, has a 
greater responsibility in this respect. Consequently he needs 
to be thoroughly informed, and should be governed in his 
suffrage by right motives and the principle previously enun- 
ciated : namely, — "The greatest good to the greatest num- 



Obligation of Citizenship 345 



ber." Generally where there is greater difference between 
men than between measures they represent, it is better to 
support the better man and weaker measure than otherwise. 
A man of right principles and purposes can generally be 
trusted further and accomplish more even with a weak 
measure than a man of questionable character and purposes 
as a representative of a good measure. 

3. It is the duty of each to support morally and finan- 
cially the government under which he lives, on account of 
what the government does for him in the way of protection, 
justice, culture, and happiness. Since a government includes 
people, land, and laws, each citizen of Vermont virtually lives 
under four governments, all concentric about him, but vary- 
ing in extent of area and closeness of contact: namely, the 
national or federal, the state, the county, the town or city; 
and those living in incorporated villages live under a fifth 
government. Not one of these different governments can 
succeed unless the citizens thereof are in hearty accord with 
its policy and are willing to encourage its efforts. 

Financial support is necessary in order that the govern- 
ment may be maintained and may perform its functions, and 
so taxes are levied. The general government does not assess 
a direct tax, but depends largely upon import duties and so- 
called internal revenues, or taxes on certain manufactures. 
For the support of state, county, and town or city, direct 
taxes are assessed; nevertheless towns are aided proportion- 
ately in the support of schools and permanent roads by 
special taxes collected and distributed by the state. 

The revenue for the support of schools is derived 
chiefly from local taxation. In addition thereto is the 
revenue derived from the state school tax, from the perma- 
nent school fund, from the appropriation for transporta- 
tion, from the rebate on money expended for professional 



346 Civil Government of Vermont 

supervision, from the rebate for tuitions paid for advanced 
instruction, from tuition on non-resident pupils, from school 
lands and from bequests. No one town has revenue from 
all these sources. A town maintaining a high school does 
not pay tuition for advanced instruction, hence receives no 
rebate from the state. 

A tax is laid on the taxable polls and property of an 
incorporated village, an incorporated school district, a city, 
town, county or state according to respective needs. In 
incorporated villages and in towns the tax is determined 
and laid by the voters. In cities the tax is laid by the 
board of aldermen or city council, according to charter. 
If the county tax is less than two per cent, the assistant 
judges lay it; if more than two per cent, the general 
assembly lays it. It is collected as other taxes, paid to 
the county treasurer on order of the selectmen of towns 
and mayors of cities. The state lays a tax also upon polls 
and property within the state for the support of itself; and 
also lays a tax, through the state commissioner, on the ap- 
praised valuatii.n of railroad, steamboat, and car companies; 
on the gross earnings of sleeping car, parlor car, express, 
telegraph, and telephone companies, — the two latter have 
the option of paying per mile of poles and wire ; on the gross 
amounts of premiums and assessments of insurance, surety, 
and guaranty companies ; on the deposits and accumulations 
of savings banks, savings institutions, and trust companies, 
with certain deductions; on amounts received by building 
and investment companies ; on collateral inheritances and 
deeds of gift ; and a license tax is collected annually of all 
corporations except those organized for charitable or re- 
ligious purposes. This is paid by the corporations to the 
state treasurer. 

4. It is the highest duty of all to obey the laws. A law 
is the expressed will of the majority of the people through 



Obligation of Citizenship 347 

their representatives, and in all governmental affairs the 
wishes and will of the majority should be obeyed. This 
does not preclude agitation for a change or repealment of 
an unjust or offensive law by modifying the wishes and will 
of the majority, but such a privilege does not extend to 
violation of the laws. Not only ought every citizen to obey 
the laws, but he ought to encourage all others to do likewise ; 
not only should he repress every tendency to evil-doing, by 
persuasion or advice, but he should see that for intentional 
violations the proper penalties are meted out and the de- 
mands of the law fully met. Whatever is subversive of 
public morals or dangerous to public peace should be frus- 
trated, and whoever connives at or knowingly keeps silent 
concerning any breach of law or morals is guilty morally if 
not legally. 

A good citizen is constructive rather than destructive; he 
acts on principle rather than policy; he encourages every 
commendable enterprise and institution ; he sees the greater 
good and works for it; he lives as he ought to live and aids 
others in living in like manner; he is upri^' t in character, 
true to his convictions, allegiant to duty, honorable in all of 
his relations, and devoted to the welfare of others as well 
as to his own. 



348 



Civil Goverxmext 



CHAPTER VIII 



Forms of Goverxment 




OT only should one be informed concerning 
town or city, county and state governments, 
but he should also know the relations he sus- 
tains to the federal government, the principles 
upon which that government is based, and the 
fundamental law incorporating within itself 
these principles. The peculiar features of our own national 
government probably can be better understood by a defining 
process. 

A Theocracy is a government under the control of Deity. 
A Patriarchy is a government under the control of the 
eldest. 

A Monarchy is a government under the control of one 
person. 

An Oligarchy is a government under the control of a 
few persons. 

An Aristocracy is a government under the control of the 
so-called best persons. 

A Democracy is a government under the control of the 
people. 

A Republic is a government under the control of the 
representatives of the people. 

A monarchical form of government may be absolute, or it 
may be limited. In the first case, the ruler is supreme; in 
the other, he is restrained by certain constitutional or pre- 
cedential limitations. A monarchy may be hereditary, in 
which the sovereign inherits the throne; or it may be 



Forms of Government 



349 



elective, by which form he attains sovereignty by suffrage of 
electors. For an ignorant and undisciplined people, prob- 
ably a monarchy is the best form of government; but for an 
intelligent, self-directing people, a republican form is best. 

In a democratic form of government, the principle of 
sovereignty is vested in the people and they rule through 
their properly constituted agents; in a republican form of 
government, such as that of the United States, the people 
take the initiative by electing representatives, and these 
representatives perform the duties of law-making and lav.'- 
executing for the people. A referendum system by which 
the law or policy is referred to the people for endorsement 
or rejection before it goes into operation is democratic in 
its nature. The theory of government in the United States 
might be styled a Representative Democracy, for the reason 
that in elementary and preliminary matters the qualified 
voters participate, while in the higher administration of 
affairs representatives or agents perform the duties that 
would necessarily fall to the people in a pure democracy. 
Abraham Lincoln most fittingly described the government of 
the United States as a government "of the people, by the 
people, for the people." 

Elements in Formation of the United States 
Government 

The first permanent settlements in America were as 



follows : 








Virginia 


1607 


Rhode Island 


1636 


New York . 


1614 


Delaware 


1638 


Massachusetts 


1620 


Pennsylvania 


1643 


New Jersey 


1620 


North Carolina 


1663 


New Hampshire 


1623 


South Carolina 


1670 


Maryland . 


1634 


Georgia 


1733 


Connecticut 


1635 







(23) 



350 Civil Government of the United States 

The early colonists broimht with them governmental 
ideas and institutions, somewhat diverse and considerably 
colored by the country from which they emigrated. There 
were the cultured Huguenots of the South, the chivalrous 
cavaliers of Virginia and Maryland, the practical Dutch of 
the Middle Atlantic territory, and the conscientious Puritans 
of New England. But the dominant element was the old 
Anglo-Saxon idea of civil and religious liberty. It was found 
in all classes, but was most conspicuous in the Puritan. 
This is the basic idea of Great Britain and the United 
States; it is the idea that has emancipated the people, 
brought national prosperity, and made each country great. 
There are no marked differences in the two governments, 
although one is a monarchy and the other a republic. In 
one, parliament is practically the sovereign body; in the 
other, the chief executive is the supreme power. Both de- 
rive their governmental ideas from the same principles; 
however, in one certain features may be more marked than 
in the other. In old England was organized the town, 
manor, parish and borough, each considerably restricted in 
its power: but in New England the town reached its high- 
est development as governmental unit; in old England the 
public school is merely an element in the development of 
the people in the United States, it is the most potent factor 
and is the most prominent institution of our country. 



Evolution of the Constitution 



351 



CHAPTER IX 



Evolution of the Constitution 




OME of the roots of our government reach back 
to early patriarchal ideas, some to ancient 
Greece and Rome, others to certain events 
of English history. Among the latter are the 
civic rights and privileges specified in the 
Magna Charta w^hich King John was com- 
pelled to sign at Runnymede in 12 15, and by which the 
principles of taxation, trial by jury, speedy trial, and com- 
pensation for private property taken for public purposes, 
were established ; the right to refuse the quartering 
of troops in private houses, demanded of Charles I 
in 1628 by the House of Commons; the Habeas 
Corpus Act of 1679; and the Bill of Rights 
established by Parliament in 1689, at the time of the 
overthrow of the Stuart kings. The Supreme Court prob- 
ably can be traced to the privy council of Great Britain, the 
bicameral system of legislation is borrowed from parlia- 
ment, the name senator goes back to old Rome ; and other 
features were drawn from various sources. The manner 
of electing a president, the power conferred upon him, the 
framing of constitution and its ratification, were appar- 
ently original. 

While these roots of government were found mostly in 
English soil, nevertheless, Holland, Spain and France con- 
tributed ideas and features to the development of our gov- 
ernment. We find three distinct forms of Colonial govern- 
ment, modified, of course, by the particular governmental 
ideas of the granting power and by the purposes for which 



352 Civil Government of the United States 

the charters were given, — (i) the Charter Colonies of New 
England; (2) the Proprietary Colonies of Pennsylvania 
and Maryland ; ( 3 ) the Royal Provinces, the governors of 
which held appointment from the King. The colonies were 
the parents of the states, and transmitted many of their 
characteristics to their political children. As a result, it is 
roticeable in New England that the town is the prominent 
unit; in the South it is the county; and in the West it is the 
combination of the two. 

Continental Congress 

July 4, 1776 — March 2, 1781 

As the population in the colonies increased, facilities for 
communication improved, and a coalition of the people be- 
gan to form. In 1643 an intercolonial compact was made 
between the colonies of Plymouth, New Haven, Connecticut 
and Massachusetts, known as the New England Con- 
federacy; in 1754 the Albany congress, participated in by 
seven of the thirteen colonies, accepted a plan for common 
protection of which Benjamin Franklin was the drafter, 
but accomplished nothing more than a larger acquaintance 
with their common needs; in 1765 in the Stamp Act Con- 
gress a declaration of rights and a vigorous protest against 
unjust taxation were made ; later a Committee of Corres- 
pondence assisted in keeping the colonies informed concern- 
ing the progress of affairs ; and the First Continental Con- 
gress assembled at Philadelphia in September 1774, under 
call issued by Massachusetts in June of the same j^ear, 
formed a tentative union and drew up another declaration 
of rights. The following May, the Second Continental Con- 
gress assembled and drew up a petition to the King, which 
was ignored, and the colonists were declared rebels; affairs 
b"gan to move rapidly, and finally, July 4, 1776, independ- 



Evolution of the Constitution 353 

ence from Great Britain was asserted and the colonies 
declared themselves states. This action was hastened by 
the exactions and oppressions of Great Britain and her 
indifference or obstinacy concerning the rights and privileges 
of her American subjects. The Declaration of Independence 
was made, the issue was definite, and there was no alterna- 
tive but to maintain it. 

On the day the committee was appointed to draft the 
Declaration of Independence in 1776, another one was ap- 
pointed to draft a form of union of states. The articles of 
Confederation, however, were not determined upon until a 
year later and were not ratified by all the states until 1781. 
Meanwhile, the Continental Congress directed affairs and 
provided for immediate needs, and the people became more 
determined in their desire for separation and their purpose 
of forming a confederation. 

Articles of Confederation 

March 2, 1781 — March 4, 1789 

Maryland agreed to the Articles of Confederation March 
I, 1 78 1, and they went into effect on the following day. 
These articles were formulated in time of war and the 
exigencies of the war made them operative. But as soon as 
these exigencies relaxed and the administration of affairs 
depended upon the system of government formed, then de- 
fects became apparent. There was no head save Congress ; 
and this body had no means of enforcing its laws or provid- 
ing revenue except by petition or request to the various 
states. Instead of being supreme it was subservient. It 
had no treaty-making, commerce-regulating, tax-levying, or 
inter-state powers. It was legislative but not executive, and 
hence the whole scheme was weak. Furthermore there was 
no judicial system for the adjustment of difficulties between 



354 Civil Government of the United States 

states, or as a court of last appeal, and the Articles had no 
sooner gone into effect than their weaknesses appeared. The 
states were practically independent and sovereign. The in- 
congruous conditions were naturally productive of jealousies 
and animosities, and the people began to contemplate 
measures for a closer union. Attempts at amendment of 
the Articles failed. The legislature of Virginia, in January 
1786, proposed a convention of the states. In September, 
representatives from New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
Delaware and Virginia, met at Annapolis, but nothing of 
importance was done save the urgent call for a general con- 
vention in Philadelphia, May 14, 1787. In February, Con- 
gress made provision by resolution for the Convention, and 
all the states except Rhode Island sent delegates. Fifty-five 
delegates met, the convention was organized May 25, the 
present Constitution of the United States was constructed, 
and the work was completed by the attachment of the signa- 
tures of the delegates on September 17. 

This probably was the greatest piece of legislative con- 
struction ever performed, and the grandest governmental 
instrument ever forged. Gladstone said it is "the most won- 
derful work ever struck off at a given time by the brain and 
purpose of man." But the mighty document was not framed 
without keen contentions, heroic effort, magnanimous con- 
cessions, and statesmanlike purposes. There were various 
questions on which compromises were made. Of course the 
first was whether there should be a national government or 
confederated governments. As soon as the national govern- 
ment proposition was accepted, there arose the question of 
representation, whether equally by states or by population. 
This was settled, at the suggestion of a Connecticut delegate, 
by the creation of the Senate with equal representation from 
the States, and the House with representation according to 
population. 



Evolution of the Constitution 355 

After the settlement of representation, a question arose 
over the status of slaves and the inclusion of them in popula- 
tion. This question was settled on a compromise by which 
three-fifths of the slaves of each state should be included in 
the population. Out of the slave problem arose a question 
concerning control of commerce, whether by the federal 
government or by each state. A compromise was effected 
by which congress should have control, but should not pass 
any act restricting the importation of slaves prior to 1808. 

After the constitution had been constructed and signed, it 
was submitted to Congress on September 20, 1787, and by 
Congress it was submitted to the various states for ratifi- 
cation in accordance with its last article. The ratification of 
nine states was necessary before it could go into effect. This 
was accomplished in July, 1 788, when New Hampshire 
gave her endorsement. North Carolina and Rhode Island 
did not ratify until a year after the new government had 
come into existence. 

The machinery had been constructed ; it was now neces- 
sary to put it into operation. And so the first Wednesday 
in January, 1789, was assigned as the day for the election 
of presidential electors; the first Wednesday in February 
for their meeting; and the first Wednesday in March for 
the new government to begin under the new constitution. 
A quorum of electors was not present until April 6. George 
Washington was elected president and took the oath of 
office on April 30; the machinery started, and has been in 
successful operation ever since. 

And so passed out the brief regime of sovereign and inde- 
pendent states. It was a transition from the articles of a 
union to a constitution ; from a confederation to a federation ; 
from a "band of states" to a "banded state." The states 
uncrowned themselves, became states in name only, sur- 
rendered their supreme rights and merged their sovereign- 
ties into one grand national power whose greatness and pos- 
sibilities were unforeseen and unprophesied. 




35^ Civil Government of the United States 



CHAPTER X 

Constitution of the United States 
March 4, 1789 

RIOR to the establishment of our constitutional 
government, it was permissible to say "The 
states are" ; with our unitary government, the 
correct expression is "The United States is." 
We are a single, sovereign state, although the 
plural form of the previous condition appears. 
The purposes of the new government are stated in the 
Preamble and it is recommended that every pupil commit 
this to memory. The Constitution should be carefully and 
thoroughly studied. As it appears in full in subsequent 
pages, it is not necessary to make a thorough analysis of its 
contents. However, the three separate departments of gov- 
ernment will be briefly treated. 

While the constitution contemplates that the functions of 
the three departments of government shall be distinct and 
separate, still there are points in which one has certain 
features of another. The judiciary department interprets 
the laws of the legislature and passes on the constitution- 
ality of laws submitted to it ; the house and senate are 
judicial in cases of impeachment, and executive in the ap- 
plication of their own rules and regulations. The chief 
executive is legislative in the matter of signing or vetoing 
bills, and may be considered so in the duties requiring him 
to inform congress concerning the state of governmental 
affairs, in recommending measures, in calling special ses- 
sions, and in adjournment of congress when both houses 
cannot agree as to date. 



Constitution of the United States 357 

Legislative Department 

The legislative department necessarily comes first, as it 
prepares the way for the other two. As we have seen, this 
department is composed of two houses, the Senate and the 
House of Representatives. The constitution specifies the 
qualifications of the members of each house, defines the 
duties and powers and prescribes the work of each. The 
members of the house are elected for two years, of the 
senate for six. The terms of the house members all ter- 
minate at the same time, hence it is a terminating body; 
the terms of senators terminate at different times, hence the 
senate is a continuous body. Members of the house are 
usually called "members of congress," members of the senate 
are called "senators." 

A congress continues for two years, beginning on the 
fourth of March of every odd year, hence is coincident with 
the terms of the house members. It has two sessions, each 
beginning on the first Monday in December of the congres- 
sional term. As the first congress under the Constitution 
met in 1789, it is easy to determine what congress is in ses- 
sion in any particular year. 

The pay of senators and members of congress is $7,500 
per annum, with mileage to the extent of twenty cents per 
mile to and from Washington, and $125 for stationery. 
The salary of the president of the senate and the speaker 
of the house is $12,000 per annum, with mileage and sta- 
tionery the same as members and senators. 

Members of either house are exempt from arrest, except 
for treason, felony and breach of peace, while in attendance 
upon congress, going to or returning from it, and are not 
answerable outside of congress for any speech or remarks 
made therein. As the constitution provides that the president 
shall commission all officers of the United States, and as he 
does not issue commissions to members of congress and 
senators, it is inferred that they are state officers rather than 



358 Civil Government of the United States 

officers of the United States. A majority of either house 
constitutes a quorum ; each house formulates its own rules 
of procedure; neither can adjourn for more than three suc- 
cessive days without the consent of the other. 

House. The time and method of election of members of 
congress are left practically to their respective states; how- 
ever, the number to which each state is entitled is left to 
congress. 

According to the Constitution the number of representa- 
tives assigned to each state was as follows: — New Hamp- 
shire 3, Massachusetts 8, Rhode Island i, Connecticut 5, 
New York 6, New Jersey 4, Pennsylvania 8, Delaware i, 
Maryland 6, Virginia 10, North Carolina 5, South Caro- 
lina 5, Georgia 3; 65 in all, one to each 30,000 of the 
population. An enumeration is made on each decennial 
year and the census is compiled at once, but the new ratio of 
population and apportionment of representatives do not go 
into effect until three years afterwards. 

' House of Representatives 





Population of 


Ratio of 


Repre- 




United States 


Population 


sentatives 


1790 


3,929,214 


33,000 


105 


1800 


5,308,483 


33,000 


141 


I8I0 


7,239,881 


35,000 


181 


1820 


9.633,822 


40,000 


213 


1830 


12,866,020 


47,700 


240 


1840 


17,069,453 


70,680 


223 


1850 


23,191,876 


93,423 


233 


i860 


31,443,321 


127,381 


243 


1870 


38,558,371 


131,425 


293 


1880 


50,155,783 


151,911 


325 


1890 


62,622,250 


173,901 


356 


1900 


76,303,387 


194,182 


386 



*Including possessions, 84,233,069 



Constitution of the United States 359 

At first the ratio of population was fixed and the number 
of representatives was the resulting number; but in 1833 
and 1843 the number of representatives began to be con- 
sidered in fixing the ratio, and since 1843 the number of 
representatives has first been decided and the ratio has been 
the resulting number. The integral quotients obtained by 
dividing the population of each state by the ratio will not 
aggregate the number of representatives decided upon on 
account of the fractions resulting from each division. There- 
fore, one additional representative is assigned to each state 
having the greatest fraction until the requisite number of 
representatives is obtained. 

In the apportionment to the states, sometimes a larger 
number is assigned to a state than it has congressional dis- 
tricts. In this case the supernumerary is elected on a general 
state ticket and is called "representative at large." 

The house elects a speaker from its own members, also a 
clerk, sergeant-at-arms, door-keeper, postmaster, and chap- 
lain. The speaker serves during a congressional term ; the 
other officers until their successors are elected. The clerk 
of the previous congress presides at the opening of the new 
congress and until a speaker is elected. 

The constitution confers upon the house of representa- 
tives certain special powers such as that of originating bills 
for raising revenue, impeachment, election of president in 
case of failure so to do by presidential electors, and election 
of its own officers. 

Senate. The election of senators is committed to the 
legislatures of each state. The vice-president of the United 
States is the president of the senate, but he has no vote except 
in case of a tie. The senators elect from their number a 
president pro tempore who serves during the absence or dis- 
ability of the regular president. 



360 Civil Government of the United States 

The special powers conferred upon the senate are: — 
election of president pro tern and other senate officers, ratifi- 
cation of treaties, confirmation of presidential appointments, 
court for trial of cases of impeachment, and election of vice- 
president in case of failure so to do on the part of presiden- 
tial electors. 

Much of the legislative work of either house is performed 
by committees, so that the work on the floor consists mostly 
in passing the measures recommended by the committees. 
However, if a bill is not approved by a large majority of the 
committee, it generally has a turbulent passage and is 
greatly modified before it becomes a law. 

Executive Department 

The president is the chief executive. In case of his death 
or inability, the duties of his office devolve upon the vice- 
president, whose qualifications for office must be the same 
as those of the president. In case of the death or disability 
of both president and vice-president, the office passes to the 
Cabinet Officers in the order of seniority of the creation of 
their offices. 

The president's cabinet consists of the following: — 
Secretary of State, created in 1789; Department of State, 

1789. 

Secretary of the Treasury, created in 1 789 ; Department 
of the Treasury, 1789. 

Secretary of War, created in 1 789 ; Department of War, 
1789. 

Attorney-General, created in 1789; Department of Jus- 
tice, 1870. 

Secretary of the Navy, created in 1798; Department of 
Nav}s 1798. 

Postmaster-General, created in 1829; Department of 
Posts, 1794. 



Constitution of the United States 361 

Secretary of the Interior, created in 1849; Department of 
the Interior, 1849. 

Secretary of Agriculture, created in 1889; Department of 
Agriculture, 1862. 

Secretary of Commerce and Labor, created in 1903; De- 
partment of Commerce and Labor, 1903. 

These offices are not created by the constitution or by law, 
although the salaries are provided for ; they have grown up 
through custom. Each member of the cabinet is at the head 
of a Department, under each of which are several bureaus. 
The cabinet officers, so-called, are purely advisory to the 
president, and so no official records of cabinet meetings are 
kept. 

"By and with the consent of the senate" the president 
appoints ambassadors and other public ministers, consuls and 
judges, according to the constitution, and various other officers 
according to power conferred upon him by law. 

Until recently the United States has not been accustomed 
to send ambassadors, but rather ministers plenipotentiary. 
Now, however, she sends ambassadors to Great Britain, 
France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Italy, Brazil, 
Mexico, Turkey and Japan, and ministers to other coun- 
tries. An ambassador extraordinary is one sent on a special 
mission or for a special occasion. Ambassadors reside abroad 
and are the diplomatic agents of the government. Consuls 
are appointed to reside in foreign cities and ports for the 
purpose of promoting commercial relations with this country 
and to afford assistance and protection to American mer- 
chants and seamen. 

Besides negotiating treaties and appointing diplomatic and 
consular officers, the president is commander-in-chief of the 
army and navy. The constitution also prescribes that he 
shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers and 
shall commission all officers of the United States. For his 



362 Civil Government of the United States 



services he receives $50,000 per year, certain perquisites, the 
use of the White House and its effects, and payment of the 
salaries of his secretary, assistant secretary, executive clerks, 
steward and messenger. 

Judiciary Department 

The Supreme Court. 

The Circuit Court of Appeals. 

The Circuit Courts. 

The District Courts. 

The Court of Claims. 

The Supreme Court consists of one chief justice and eight 
associate justices, six of whom are a quorum. An annual 
term of the supreme court is held in the city of Washington, 
beginning the second Monday in October. Special sessions 
may be held when necessary. 

The United States Circuit and District courts have juris- 
diction in all cases of violation of the United States postal, 
internal revenue, customs and other federal laws; in bank- 
ruptcy and in cases affecting national banks; also in suits 
in which either party to the suit is not a resident of the 
state, where the amount in controversy exceeds two thou- 
sand dollars exclusive of interest and costs. 

The Circuit Courts of Appeals and the Circuit Courts. 
— The States of the Union are grouped in nine judicial cir- 
cuits. A justice of the supreme court is assigned to each 
circuit. He is called a circuit justice, and is required to 
attend court in the circuit once in two years. For each cir- 
cuit there are two or more circuit judges, who must reside 
in the circuit. A term of the circuit court of appeals must 
be held annually in each circuit. The circuit justice and 
the circuit judges in each circuit constitute this court, but in 



Constitution of the United States 363 



the absence of a circuit judge a district judge may sit as one 
of the court. Terms of the circuit court are held frequently 
in all the circuits and in all the larger districts. In Vermont 
terms of the circuit court are held at the same time and 
place as the district court. A circuit court may be held by 
a circuit justice, a circuit judge, a district judge of the dis- 
trict in which it is held, by any two or all of these. 

District Court. — Each of the smaller states is a judicial 
district ; the larger states are divided into two or more dis- 
tricts. There are five states containing two or more dis- 
tricts each, for which but one judge is appointed. For the 
rest there is one judge for each district. The judge must 
reside in the district, or in one of the districts, for which he 
is judge. In the western district of South Carolina only one 
term of the district court is required to be held yearly. In 
other districts two or more terms are held yearly, at 
times and places fixed by law. Special terms may be held 
in the discretion of the judge. Regular terms of the dis- 
trict court in Vermont are held yearly in Burlington, Rut- 
land and Windsor. 

The Court of Claims consists of a chief justice and four 
associate judges, any two of whom are a quorum. This 
court is held in Washington. The annual session begins the 
first Monday in December. 

The territories are not included in the judicial circuits. 
Appeals may be made from the highest territorial courts to 
the supreme court of the United States. 

There are special courts for the District of Columbia, 
for Hawaii, Porto Rico, and the Philippine Islands. 

The Supreme, Circuit and District Courts may summon 
juries when they are needed. The mode of the selection of 
jurors is determined by the court, but must not be repug- 
nant to the laws of the state in which the court is held. A 
grand jury In the United States court may consist of not less 



364 Civil Government of the United States 

than sixteen nor more than twenty-three men. The judge 
of the United States district court appoints a clerk; the 
clerk by virtue of his office is a jury commissioner; another 
jury commissioner is appointed by the judge, but of a dif- 
ferent political party from that of the clerk. Each com- 
missioner selects no less than one-hundred fifty names of 
persons resident in the counties in the immediate vicinity 
of the place in which the court is held, deposits them in a 
box one at a time and alternately with the other commis- 
sioner. The United States marshal is notified and is directed 
by a venire issued by the clerk to draw the necessary juries, 
no less than twenty-three for a grand jury, and no less than 
thirty-five for a petit jury. 

Amendments of the Constitution 

The constitution provides for its own amendment in two 
ways. Amendments may be proposed by a two-thirds vote 
of both houses, or by a convention called by congress upon 
the request of the legislatures of two-thirds of the states ; 
and the amendments proposed may be ratified by three- 
fourths of the states through their respective legislatures, or 
through conventions called for this purpose ; but the method 
of ratification is left to congress to propose. The unamend- 
able parts of the constitution relate to the importation of 
slaves prior to 1 808, the power of congress to lay direct 
taxes, and deprivation of a state of equal representation in 
the senate without the state's consent. 

Thus far all amendments have been proposed by congress 
and ratified by state legislatures. Congress has proposed 
nineteen amendments, but only fifteen received the neces- 
sary ratifications. The first congress proposed twelve 
amendments, ten of which were ratified immediately by the 
requisite number of states. These ten are called the 



Constitution of the United States 365 

American Bill of Rights, on account of their similarity to 
the English Bill of Rights of 1689. They did not change 
the constitution in any particular, but added to it. The 
eleventh amendment defined the extent of the judicial system 
and the twelfth amendment changed the method of electing 
the president and vice-president of the United States. As 
outgrowths of the Civil War, the last three amendments 
came into existence: the thirteenth provided for the abolition 
of slavery, the fourteenth recognizes the validity 
of national debt and debars the payment of debt 
incurred through rebellion and of any claim through 
loss of slaves, and the fifteenth deals with 
right of suffrage, providing that none shall be debarred on 
account of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." 
That only fifteen amendments to the constitution should 
have been made during all these years of constitutional gov- 
ernment, only five of which materially modified the original 
document, is evidence of the wisdom and sagacity of the 
statesmen who composed that memorable constitutional con- 
vention and constructed for subsequent generations such a 
strong foundation for our government and such a mighty 
guaranty of our liberties. 



(24) 



366 



Civil Government 



CHAPTER XI 



Analysis of the United States Constitution 
(For Teachers) 




O better method can be adopted for an acquaint- 
ance with the constitution of the United States 
than a thorough study of its sections and a 
diagrammatic representation of its provisions. 
Therefore, to aid the student in his work, the 
following partial diagram is submitted, with 
the expectation that he will carry the work to 
completion. The preamble is not an integral part 
of the constitution, but is prefixed for the purpose 
of setting forth the reasons for the construction 
of the constitution. This should be committed to 
memory, and can easily be thrown into a diagram by in- 
dicating the authority, the purposes, and the thing ordained. 
A diagram of the constitution naturally divides itself into 

A Legislative Department. 
B Executive Department. 
C Judicial Department. 

The Legislative Department subdivides itself into 

I House of Representatives. 

n Senate. 

HI Provisions Common to both Houses. 

IV Powers of Congress. 

V Prohibitions on the United States. 

VI Rights of States. 

VII Prohibitions on States. 

VIII Personal Rights. 



Analysis of the Constitution 



367 



I House of Representatives 

1 Composition 

(Age 

2 Eligibility < Citizenship 

(. Inhabitancy 



3 Members < 



4 Vacancies 



When 



' Number 

Apportionment 

By states at first 

By population 

( W 
Determined -( tt^ 
I, How 

Conditions (Amendment XIV) 

rWhen 

Election -I How 

(.Qualifications of Voters 

How occurring 
How filled 



5 Powers « 



Legislative -^ g^j 
Impeachment 



f Concurrent 



Electoral < 

[ President of United States 



Officers -, Q^;,^^^ Q^^^^^ 



II Senate 

1 Composition 

fAge 

2 Eligibility < Citizenship 

i Inhabitancy 

r Number 
- , , Classification 

3 Members < < when 

Election | ^^^^ 



4 Vacancies 



5 Powers < 



How Occurring 

„.,, J r Legislative 

How Filled {Executive 

' Legislative 

„ . ( Appointments 

Executive I ^^^^^^^j^^ 

„, . f Officers 
Elective | vice-President of U. S. 
^ Judicial in cases of Impeachment 

r Vice-President of U. S. 
Presiding Officer-; President pro tempore 
[ Chief Justice 



368 



Civil Government 



III Common Provisions 



Members 



2 Prohibitions 



3 Transaction of Business* 



Membership 
Ineligibility 

Official Incumbrance 

Disloyalty 
Penalties 

Punishment 

Expulsion 
Oaths 
Salaries 
Privileges 

From arrest 

Of debate 

' Adjournment 
Time 
Place 
On Members 

Officers created 
Emoluments increased 

' Quorum 

Parliamentary Rules 
Method of Voting 
Journal 

Keeping 
Publishing 



In addition to diagrams presented, others of the Legis- 
lative Department should be worked out concerning Powers 
of Congress (IV), Prohibitions on the United States (V), 
Rights of States (VI), Prohibitions on States (VII), and 
Personal Rights (VIII). After these divisions of the Legis- 
lative Department have been properly outlined, the Execu- 
tive and the Judiciary Departments may be treated in like 
manner. 

As the Constitution is the fundamental law of our 
country, its provisions should be thoroughly known, and to 
aid in the work of investigation and study the following 
books will be beneficial : 

First Lessons in Civil Government, by B. A. Hinsdale 
Analysis of Civil Government, by Calvin Townsend 



Analysis of the Constitution 369 

Civil Government in the United States, by John Fiske 

Constitutional Studies, by James Schouler 

The American Republic and its Government, by J. A. 

Woodburn 
The State, by Woodrow Wilson 

The Evolution of the Constitution of the United States 
of America, by John A. Kasson ; written by re- 
quest of the Constitutional Centennial Commis- 
sion 
The Federalist pamphlets 



NOTE. — The following pages contain facsimiles of forms in gen- 
eral use in this State: Warning for city election, placard enumer- 
ating offenses against the purity of elections, instructions to voters, 
warning for freeman's meeting, warning for special city meeting, 
warning for presidential election, warning for annual town meeting, 
tax notice, and representative, justice, national and State ballots. 



370 • Civil Goverxmext 



WARNING FOR CITY ELECTION. 



The Legal Voters in City Meeting of the City of Burlington, Vt., 
are hereby Notified and Warned to meet on TUESDAY, THE 
SEVENTH (7th) DAY OF MARCH, A. D., 1905, at 9 o'clock in 
the forenoon, in their respective Wards, at the several voting 
places hereinafter named, for the purpose of electing a Mayor, and 
for the purpose of electing in 

Ward One — One Alderman, and Ward Officers, and in 

Ward Two — One Alderman, one School Commissioner, and Ward 

Officers, and in 
Ward Three — One Alderman, and Ward Officers, and in 
Ward Four — One Alderman, one School Commissioner, and Ward 

Officers, and in 
Ward Five — One Alderman, one School Commissioner, and Ward 

Officers 
All of whom to hold office for one year, except Aldermen and 
School Commissioners, who are to be elected for terms of two years 
each ; 

Also for the purpose of voting upon the following question, in 
accordance with the provisions of No. 115, of the Acts of 1904: 
Shall license be granted for the sale of intoxicating liquors in this 
City? 

The following are designated as voting places, viz.: 

In Ward One — At Fire Station No. 3, Mansfield Avenue. 

In Ward Two — At the Star Hose House, No. 128 North Winooski 

Avenue. 
In Ward Three — At Fire Station No. 2, No. 120 North Champlain 

Street. 
In Ward Four — At No. 141 Church Street [old Boxer Room]. 
In Ward Five — At Parry's Carriage Shop, No. 217 Church Street, 

opp. Post Office. 
The Polls open at 9 o'clock in the forenoon, and close at 3 o'clock 
in the afternoon. 

{Signed by Mayor of city.) 
Burlington, Vt., February 15, 1905. 

Offences Against the Purity of Elections. 

Chapter 17, Public Statutes. 

Is required by law to be posted in plain view in the room 
where the ballots are cast, and also in and about the 
polling place. 

(See Sections 216-234 Pub. Stat.) 



Vermont Facsimiles 



371 



WARNING FOR FREEMAN'S MEETING. 



The Freemen of the City of Rutland are hereby warned to meet 
in their respective wards on Tuesday, the 4th day of September, 
1906, at nine o'clock in the forenoon to vote for the following offi- 
cers, viz. : 

A Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Treasurer, Secretary of State. 
Auditor of Accounts, and Attorney-General of the State of Vermont. 

Four Senators to the General Assembly, two Assistant Judges of 
the County Court, a Sheriff, High Bailiff, and a State's Attorney for 
the County of Rutland. 

A Judge of Probate for the Probate District of Rutland. 

A Representative to represent the City of Rutland in the General 
Assembly, and fifteen Justices of the Peace. 

Also to vote for a Representative to represent the First Congres- 
sional District of Vermont in the Congress of the United States. 

The polling places for the several wards have been designated as 
follows: 

(List of ward polling places follows.) 

{Signed by Mayor of city.) 

City of Rutland, Vt. August 21, 1906. 



WARNING FOR SPECIAL 
CITY MEETING 



The legal voters of the City of 
Burlington, Vermont, are hereby 
warned and notified to meet in 
the City Hall, in said City, on 
Saturday, the twenty-fifth day of 
March, 1905, at 7:30 o'clock p.m. 
for the following purposes: 

To determine whether the City 
will exempt from taxation the 
jiroperty of the Vermont Spool 
and Bobbin Company for a 
period of five years from the 
date of the installation of theii" 
plant in this city. 

Done at the City of Burling- 
ton, Vermont, this thirteenth day 
of March, 1905, upon written 
application signed by thirty or 
more of the legal voters in said 
city. 

{Signed by Mayor of city.) 



WARNING FOR PRESI- 
DENTIAL ELECTION. 



The Freemen of the City of 
St. Albans are hereby warned to 
meet in their respective wards 
en the Tuesday next following 
the first Monday in November, 
A. D. 1904, being the 8th day 
of the month, at nine o'clock in 
the forenoon, to vote for four 
Electors of President and Vice- 
President, according to the sta- 
tutes in such case made and pro- 
vided. 

The polling places for the 
several wards have been desig- 
nated as follows: 

(List of ward polling places 
follows.) 

{Signed by Mayor of city.) 

City of St. Albans, Vermont, 
October 24th, 1904. 



372 Civil Government 



INSTRUCTIONS TO VOTERS 

Give your name and residence to the ballot clerk who, after find- 
ing your name on the check list, will admit you within the rail and 
hand you a ballot. 

Go alone to an unoccupied voting booth and there prepare your 
ballot. 

Make a cross (X) in the square at the right of the name of each 
person for whom you wish to vote, or, if you wish to vote the entire 
ticket of any one political party, place a cross (X) in the large 
square at the top of the party column. One such cross counts the 
same as a separate cross opposite each name in that column. 

If you wish to vote for John Smith for Representative you should 
mark your ballot in this way, viz.: 



REPRESENTATIVE. Vote for One. 



JOHN SMITH, Citizen's Nominee. X 



If you wish to vote for a person whose name is not on the ballot, 
write or insert the name in a blank line below the list of candidates 
for the office and make a cross in the square at the right of it. 

Do not erase or mark out any of the printing on the ballot. Simply 
make a cross or crosses or fill in a name or names, as above. 

For some offices you may vote for two or more candidates as stated 
in the ballot at the right of the name of the office to be voted for. 
If you should mark more names than can be elected to any office, 
or if you mark your ballot so that it cannot be told for whom you 
intended to vote, it will not be counted. 

If you spoil a ballot return it to the ballot clerk who will give you 
another, but you can have only three. 

You cannot occupy the voting booth more than five minutes in 
case other voters are waiting. 

Before leaving the booth, fold your ballot without displaying the 
marks thereon and keep the same so folded until you have delivered 
it to the presiding officer, then go at once outside the guard rail by 
the proper exit. 

Do not show any one how you have marked your ballot. 

You are not allowed to carry away a ballot whether spoiled or not. 

A voter who declares to the presiding officer that he is unable by 
reason of physical or mental disability to mark his ballot can, upon 
request, receive assistance in the marking of his ballot from any 
election officer selected by him. 



Vermont Facsimiles 



373 



WARNING FOR ANNUAL TOWN 
MEETING. 



NOTICE 



The legal voters of the town of Pitts- 
ford are hereby warned to meet at the 
Town Hall in Pittsford on Tuesday, 
March 1st, A. D. 1904, at 10 o'clock 
a. m., to act on the following business: 

1. To choose a moderator to govern 
said meeting. 

2. To act upon the reports of the town 
officers. 

3. To choose all necessary town officers. 

4. To choose grand and petit jurors. 

5. To see if the town will vote to raise 
money by tax or otherwise to pay all 
current expenses of the town. 

6. To see if the town will vote to ac- 
cept the provisions of Sections 480 to 
486, Vermont Laws, providing for pay- 
ment of taxes direct to town treasurer. 

7. To see when the several taxes shall 
become due. 

8. To see if the town will vote to ap- 
propriate money for Decoration day, and 
how much. 

9. To see if the town will vote to ap- 
propriate money to plow out the side- 
walks in the village. 

10. To see if the town will vote to pay 
the running expenses of the Maclure lib- 
rary the ensuing year. 

11. To see if the town will vote to 
deed to the Pittsford Cemetery Associa- 
tion their interest in the receiving vault 
and the town plot adjoining. 

12. To see if the town will vote to buy 
one or more cells for the purpose of con- 
fining persons arrested. 

13. To see if the town will vote, "Shall 
license be granted for the sale of intoxi- 
cating liquors in this town." 

14. To transact any other legal and 
necessary business that may come before 
the meeting. 

B. J. DOUGLASS, 1 

M. C. FITZPATRICK, ^ 
E. A. RANDALL, j 

Pittsford, Vt., Feb. 8, 1904. 



Select- 
men. 



TAX NOTICE! 



The 

TAXPAYERS 

of the 

Town of Grafton 

Are hereby notified that the 
Highway Tax of 40 cents 
and the School Tax of 60 
cents on the Grand List of 
1905 have been placed in 
my hands for collection and 
same are due on or before 
September 1st, 1905. 

E. B. STOWELL, 

Collector. 



Ward Ticket for City Representative to the General Assembly, 

Election September 6, 1904 (Biennial). 

To vote for a person make a cross (X) in the Square at the rip;ht of the name. 



Republican Party. 

Nominated at Caucus. 


Democratic Party. 

Nominated at Caucus and 
by Certificate. 


Independent Labor Party. 

Nominated at Caucus and 
by Certificate. 


For City Rep. Vote for One 

H. F. Noyes, 27 Baxter St. R.l 


For City Rep. Vote for One 

E. D. Welcli. 1 Spellman Ter D. 1 


For City Rep. Vote for One 

G. A. Smitli. 17 Cottage St. I.L. 



374 



Civil Government 



OFFICIAL BALLOT for Election o! Justices, Sept. 6, 1904. 

NIAL.) 

To vote for a person, make a cross [X] at 
the right, in the square opposite his name. 
To vote for the whole list of candidates in 
this column, make a cross [X] in the square 
at head of column only. Voters inserting 
names in blank space must make a cross [i] 
in square opposite each one. 



(BItN 

To vote for a person, make a cross [X] at 
the right, in the square opposite his name 
To vote for the whole list of candidates in 
this column, make a cross [X] in the square 
at head of column only. Voters inserting 
oames in blank space must make a cross [X'j 
in square opposite each one. 



RE.PUBLICAN PARTY. 



For Justice of the Peace. Vole for Five. 


S. B. Darling, Vershire, Republican. 




B. F Fuller, Vershire, Republican. 




F. W. Farnham, Vershire, Republican. 




Ethan Dimond. Vershire, Republican. 


E. P. Brown, Vershire, Republican. 

























DEMOCRATIC PARITY. 



For Justice of the Peace. 



Vote for Fire. 



S. B. Darling, Vershire, 



Democratic, 



B. F. Fuller, Vershire, 



Democratic. 



F. W. Farnham, Vershire, Democratic. 



Ethan Dimond, Vershire, Democratic, 



E. P. Brown, Vershire, 



Democratic, 



OFFICIAL BALLOT for National Election Nov. 8, 1904. 



(EVERY FOUR YEARS.) 



To vote for EVERY PERSON in this 
column of candidates, place ONE cross (X^ in 
the large square id- the top of the column, 
and mtuce no other mark on the paper. To 
vote for any ONE PERSON in this column, 
make a cross (X) in the small space at the 
right of his name, and place NO cross in the 
large square. If you choose, you may write 
on the blank lines names other than those 
printed, and mark them in the same way. 



REPUBLICAN PARTY. 



For Electors of PRESIDENT and VICE-PRESIDENT 
of tbe Dnited States. Vole for Four. 



W. H BERRY, Bennington, Republican 



E B. FLINN, Springfield, Republican 



F. A. BOND, Middlebury, Republican 



A. F. STONE, St. Job nsbury. Republican 



To vote for EVERY PERSON in this 
column of candidates, place ONE cross (X> in 
the large square at the top of the column, 
and make no other mark on the paper. To 
vote for any ONE PERSON ih this column, 
make a cross (X) in the small space at the 
right of his name, and place NO cross in the 
large square. If you choose, you may write 
on the blank lines names other than those 
printed, and mark them in the same way. 


DEMOCRATIC PARTY. 














For Electors of PRESIDENT and VICE-PRESIDENT 
of the Dnited States. Vote for Four. 


A. COCHRAN, Groton, Democratic. 




T. HOXIE HALL, Pownal, Democratic. 




J. H. DONNELLY,Vergennes,Democratic 




H. N. DEAVITT, Colchester, Democratic. 





















FOLD YOUR BALLOT BEFORE LEAVING THE BOOTH. 



Vermont Facsimile 



375 



OFFICIAL BALLOT for Eleclion of State Officers, ^^JJi. 

(BIENNIAL.) 



To vote for EVERY PERSON in this 
column of candidates, place ONE cross (X) m 
the large square at the top of the column, 
and make no other mark on the paper. To 
vote for any ONE PERSON m this column 



To vote for EVERY PERSON in this 
column of candidates, place ONE cross (X) in 
the large square at the top of the column. 
To vote for any ONE PERSON in this 
column, make a cross (X) in the small space 



make a cross (X) in the small space at the at the right of his name, and place NO cross 

right of his name, and place NO cross in the in the large square. If you choose, you may 

lar°-e square If you choose, you may write write on the blank lines names oti er than 

on "the blank lines names other than those those printed, and mark them in the same 

printed, and mark them in the same way. way. 



REPUBLICAN PARTY. 



For eOVERNOR 



Vole for e. 



Charles J. Bell. Walden. 



RepuhlicHn. l 



For LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR Vole tor One- 

Charles H. Stearns. Johnson. Republican.! 



For TREASURER. 



Vote for One. 



John L. Bacon, Hartford. RepublictinT 



For SECREIARY OF STATE. 



Vof" for One. 



F. G Fleetwood, Morristowu. Republican.! 



For Aud lor of Accounts- 



Vote for One. 



H. F. Graham, Craftsbury. Republican.] 



For Rep, to Congress. 1st Dlslrict- Vo'e for i>ne. 
D J. I'oster, Burlington. Repubiican 



For Senators. 



Vote for Fo'jr. 



H. O.Carpenter,City of Rut'd. Republican. 
W. H. Rowland, Poultney. Repub lican 
Dan U. Burditt, Pittsford. Republican. 



J. E. Buxton. Middletown. Republican. 



For Assistant Judges of County Court. Vote for Two. 

G. D. Wheaton, Pittsford. Republican. 



Rodne.v M. Lewis, Wells. 



Repubiican 



For State's Attorney. 



Vote for One. 



R.A.Lawrence, City of Rut'd. Republican.! 


1 


For Sheriff. Vo|« for One. 


D. P. Peabody,'City of Rut'd. Republican.! 


1 


For High Bailiff. Vole for One. 


L. Southworth, Middletown. Republican. 


1 


For Judge of rebate for Dislrlci of Rut. Vote for One. 


T. C. Robbtns, City of Rutr<l. Republican.! 


1 



DEMOCRATIC PARTY, 



For GOVERNOR. Vote for One. 


Eli H. Porter. Wilmington. Democratic. i 


1 


For LRUTENANT GOVERNOR. Vote for ( 


)ne. 


C. L. McMahan, Stowe. Democrat'C 1 


1 


For Treasurer. vote for one. 


A. J. Sible.v, Montpclier. Democratic. 




For SECRCTARY np S TATE. Vote for One, 


C. D. W atson, St. Albans City. Democratic. 




For Auditor of Accounts. Vote for One. 


John E. Walsh, Pittsford. Democratic 1 


1 


For Ren. to Contress, 1st Olslricl. Vote for One. 


F. L. Graves, Colchester. Democratic. 








For Senators. Vote for Four. 


W. s. Smith, City of Rutland Democratic 




Zenas H Eilis, Fair Haven. Demncratic. 




Aiviii J. Russell. Rutland. Democratic 




J. E. Butfum, Wallingford. Democratic. 




















For Assistant Judges of County Court. Vote for Two. 


W.H.HuDbard. Ciiy of Rut'd. Democratic 




E. L. Horton, Sudbury. Democratic. 












For Stale's Attorney. Vote for One. 


W. H. Preston, Fair Haven. Democratic. 




For Sheriff. Vole for One. 






For High Bailiff. Vote for One. 


William H. Bond, Danbv. Democratic! 


1 " 


For Judge of Probate for District oi Rut. Vole for One. 


1 


1 



37^ 



Civil Government 




Proctor High School 




Middlebury High School 



Civil Government 



377 




Vermont Academy, Saxton's Rlyer; incorporated in 1872 




Troy Conference Academy, Poultney; incorporated in 1834 



378 Civil Government 

LETTER FROM GEORGE WASHINGTON IN 
1796 TO VERMONT SENATORS 



TO ELIJAH PAINE AND ISAAC TICHENOR, ESQRS., SENA- 
TORS IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF VERMONT 

GENTLEMEN :— 

With particular pleasure I received the unanimous address of the 
Council and General Assembly of the State of Vermont. Although 
but lately admitted into the Union, yet the importance of your State, 
its love of liberty and its energy, were manifested in the earliest 
periods of the revolution which established our independence. Un- 
connected in name only, but in reality united with the confederated 
states, these felt and acknowledged the benefits of your co-operation. 
Their mutual safety and advantage, duly appreciated, will never 
permit their union to be dissolved. 

I enjoy great happiness in the testimony you have presented, and 
in the other proofs exhibited from various parts of our country, that 
the operations of our general government have justified the hopes of 
our citizens at its formation, which is recognized as the era of 
national prosperity. The voluntary acknowledgments of my fellow 
citizens persuade me to believe that my agency has contributed to 
produce this effect. This belief will be to me a source of permanent 
gratification and those acknowledgments a rich reward. 

My sincere thanks are due, and I beg you, Gentlemen, to make 
them acceptable to the Council and General Assembly of the State 
of Vermont, for the very obliging and affectionate terms in which 
they notice me and my public services. To such confidence and sup- 
port as I have experienced from Councils, legislative assemblies and 
the great body of American citizens, I owed the best exertions of 
every faculty I possessed; happy now in the reflection that our joint 
labours have been crowned with success. When withdrawn to the 
shade of private life, I shall view with growing pleasure the increas- 
ing prosperity of the United States: in the perfect protection of our 
Government, I trust to enjoy my retirement in tranquility; and then, 
while indulging a favorite wish of my heart in agricultural pur- 
suits, I may hope to make even my private business and amusement 
of some use to my Country. 

GEO. WASHINGTON 
United States, 12th December, 1796 



Constitution of Vermont 



CHAPTER I 



A DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF THE INHABITANTS OF 
THE STATE OF VERMONT 

ARTICLE 1. That all men are born equally free and indepen- 
dent, and have certain natural, inherent, and inalienable rights, 
amongst which are the enjoying and defending life and liberty, 
acquiring, possessing and protecting property, and pursuing and 
obtaining happiness and safety; therefore no male person born in 
this country, or brought from over sea, ought to be holden by law 
to serve any person as a servant, slave or apprentice, after he 
arrives to the age of twenty-one years, nor female in like manner, 
after she arrives to the age of eighteen years, unless they are bound 
by their own consent, after they arrive to such age, or bound by law 
for the payment of debts, damages, fines, costs, or the like. 

ARTICLE 2. That private property ought to be subservient to 
public uses when necessity requires it; nevertheless, whenever any 
person's property is taken for the use of the public, the owner ought 
to receive an equivalent in money. 

ARTICLE 3. That all men have a natural and inalienable right 
to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own 
consciences and understandings, as in their opinion shall be regu- 
lated by the word of God; and that no man ought to, or of right 
can be compelled to attend any religious worship, or erect or sup- 
port any place of worship, or maintain any minister, contrary to 
the dictates of his conscience; nor can any man be justly deprived 
or abridged of any civil right as a citizen, on account of his relig- 
ious sentiments, or peculiar mode of religious worship ; and that 
no authority can, or ought to be vested in, or assumed by, any 
power whatever, that shall in any case interfere with, or in any 
manner control the rights of conscience, in the free exercise of 
religious worship. Nevertheless, every sect or denomination of 
Christians ought to observe the Sabbath or Lord's day, and keep up 
some sort of religious worship, which to them shall seem most agree- 
able to the revealed will of God. 



380 Constitution of Vermont 



ARTICLE 4. Every person within this State ought to find a 
certain remedy, by having recourse to the laws, for all injuries or 
wrongs which he may receive in his person, property or character; 
he ought to obtain right and justice, freely, and without being 
obliged to purchase it; completely and without any denial; promptly 
and without delay; conformably to the laws. 

ARTICLE 5. That the people of this State by their legal repre- 
sentatives, have the sole, inherent and exclusive right of governing 
and regulating the internal police of the same. 

ARTICLE 6. That all power being originally inherent in and 
consequently derived from the people, therefore, all officers of 
government, whether legislative or executive, are their trustees and 
servants; and at all times, in a legal way, accountable to them. 

ARTICLE 7. That government is, or ought to be, instituted for 
the common benefit, protection and security of the people, nation or 
community, and not for the particular emolument or advantage of 
any single man, family, or set of men, who are a part only of that 
community; and that the community hath an indubitable, inalien- 
able and indefeasible right to reform or alter government, in such 
manner as shall be, by that community, judged most conducive to 
the public weal. 

ARTICLE 8. That all elections ought to be free and without 
corruption, and that all freemen, having a sufficient, evident, com- 
mon interest with, and attachment to the community, have a right 
to elect officers, and be elected into office, agreeably to the regula- 
tions made in this constitution. 

ARTICLE 9. That every member of society hath a right to be 
protected in the enjoyment of life, liberty and property, and there- 
fore is bound to contribute his proportion towards the expense of 
that protection, and yield his personal service, when necessary, 
or an equivalent thereto, but no part of any person's property can 
be justly taken from him, or applied to public uses, without his own 
consent, or that of the representative body of the freemen, nor can 
any man who is conscientiously scrupulous of bearing arms be 
justly compelled thereto, if he will pay such equivalent; nor are the 
people bound by any law but such as they have in like manner 
assented to, for their common good; and previous to any law being 
made to raise a tax, the purpose for which it is to be raised ought to 



Constitution of Vermont 381 



appear evident to the legislature to be of more service to community 
than the money would be if not collected. 

ARTICLE 10. That in all prosecutions for criminal offenses, a 
person hath a right to be heard by himself and his counsel; to 
demand the cause and nature of his accusation ; to be confronted 
with the witnesses ; to call for evidence in his favour, and a speedy 
public trial by an impartial jury of the country; without the unani- 
mous consent of which jury, he cannot be found guilty; nor can he 
be compelled to give evidence against himself ; nor can any person 
be justly deprived of his liberty, except by the laws of the land, or 
the judgment of his peers. 

ARTICLE II. That the people have a right to hold themselves, 
their houses, papers, and possessions, free from search or seizure; 
and therefore warrants, without oath or affirmation first made 
affording sufficient foundation for them, and whereby any officer or 
messenger may be commanded or required to search suspected 
places, or to seize any person or persons, his, her or their property, 
not particularly described, are contrary to that right, and ought not 
to be granted. 

ARTICLE 12. That when any issue in fact, proper for the 
cognizance of a jury is joined in a court of law, the parties have a 
right to trial by jury, which ought to be held sacred. 

ARTICLE 13. That the people have a right to freedom of 
speech, and of writing and publishing their sentiments, concerning 
the transactions of government, and therefore the freedom of the 
press ought not to be restrained. 

ARTICLE 14. The freedom of deliberation, speech and debate, 
in the legislature, is so essential to the rights of the people that 
it cannot be the foundation of any accusation or prosecution, action 
or complaint, in any other court or place whatsoever. 

ARTICLE 15. The power of suspending laws, or the execution 
of laws, ought never to be exercised but by the legislature, or by 
authority derived from it, to be exercised in such particular cases as 
this constitution or the legislature shall provide for. 

ARTICLE 16. That the people have a right to bear arms for 
the defense of themselves and the State — and as standing armies in 
time of peace are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be kept up ; 
and that the military should be kept under strict subordination to 
and governed by the civil power. 



(25) 



382 Constitution of Vermont 

ARTICLE 17. That no person in this State can in any case be 
subjected to law martial, or to any penalties or pains by virtue of 
that law, except those employed in the army, and the militia in 
actual service. 

ARTICLE 18. That frequent recurrence to fundamental prin- 
ciples, and a firm adherence to justice, moderation, temperance, in- 
dustry and frugality are absolutely necessary to preserve the bless- 
ings of liberty and keep government free; the people ought, there- 
fore, to pay particular attention to these points, in the choice of offi- 
cers and representatives, and have a right, in a legal way, to exact 
a due and constant regard to them from their legislators and magis- 
trates, in making and executing such laws as are necessary for the 
good government of the State. 

ARTICLE 19. That all people have a natural and inherent 
right to emigrate from one State to another that will receive them. 

ARTICLE 20. That the people have a right to assemble together 
to consult for their common good — to instruct their representatives — 
and to apply to their legislature for redress of grievances, by ad- 
dress, petition or remonstrance. 

ARTICLE 21. That no person shall be liable to be transported 
out of this State for trial for any offense committed within the same. 



CHAPTER II 

PLAN OR FRAME OF GOVERNMJENT 

o J J SECTION I. The commonwealth, or State of Ver- 

Superseded 

See Arts. mont, shall be governed hereafter, by a governor (or 

Amend., 3 lieutenant-governor j , council, and an assemoly of the 

*"•* ®- representatives of the freemen of the same, in manner 

and form following: 

SECTION 2. The supreme legislative power shall Superseded 
be vested in a house of representatives of the freemen See Art. 
of the commonwealth or State of Vermont. ""*" " ' 

SECTION 3. The supreme executive power shall be Superseded 

vested in a governor, or in his absence, a lieutenant- See Art. 

J .1 Amend., 8. 

governor, and council. 



Constitution of Vermont 383 



SECTION 4. Courts of justice shall be maintained in every 
county in this State, and also in new counties, when formed ; which 
courts shall be open for the trial of all causes proper for their 
cognizance; and justice shall be therein impartially administered, 
without corruption or unnecessary delay. The judges of the 
supreme court shall be justices of the peace throughout the State; 
and the several judges of the county courts, in their respective coun- 
ties, by virtue of their office, except in the trial of such causes as 
may be appealed to the county court. 

SECTION 5. A future legislature may, when they shall con- 
ceive the same to be expedient and necessary, erect a court of chan- 
cery, with such powers as are usually exercised by that court, or as 
shall appear for the interest of the commonwealth — provided they 
do not constitute themselves the judges of the said court. 

SECTION 6. The legislative, executive and judiciary depart- 
ments shall be separate and distinct, so that neither exercise the 
powers properly belonging to the other. 

SECTION 7. In order that the freemen of this State might enjoy 
the benefit of election as equally as may be, each town within the 
State that consists, or may consist, of eighty taxable inhabitants, 
within one septenary or seven years next after the establishing this 
constitution, may hold elections therein, and choose each two repre- 
sentatives; and each other inhabitated town in this State may, in 
like manner, choose each one representative to represent them in 
General Assembly, during the said septenary, or seven years, and 
after that, each inhabited town may, in like manner, hold such 
election and choose each one representative forever thereafter. 

SECTION 8. The house of representatives of the See Art. 
freemen of this State shall consist of persons most noted Amend., 24. 
for wisdom and virtue, to be chosen by ballot, by the freemen of 
every town in this State, respectively, on the first Tuesday of Sep- 
tember annually, forever. 

SECTION 9. The representatives so chosen (a majority of 
See Arts. whom shall constitute a quorum for transacting any 

Amend., 2. 3, other business than raising a State tax, for which two- 
10,14.15,17, tj^jrds of the members elected shall be present) shall 

' ' * " meet on the second Thursday of the succeeding Octo- 
ber, and shall be styled The General Assembly of the State of Ver- 
mont: they shall have power to choose their speaker, secretary of 



384 Constitution of Vermont 



State, their clerk, and other necessary officers of the house — sit on 
their own adjournments — prepare bills and enact them into laws — 
judge of the elections and qualifications of their own members: they 
may expel members, but not for causes known to their constituents 
antecedent to their election: they may administer oaths and affirma- 
tions in matters depending before them — redress grievances — im- 
peach State criminals — grant charters of incorporation — constitute 
towns, boroughs, cities and counties: they may annually, on their 
first session after their election, in conjunction with the council, 
(or oftener if need be) elect judges of the supreme and several 
county and probate courts, sheriffs and justices of the peace; and 
also, with the council, may elect major-generals, and brigadier-gen- 
erals, from time to time, as often as there shall be occasion: and they 
shall have all other powers necessary for the legislature of a free 
and sovereign State: but they shall have no power to add to, alter, 
abolish or infringe any part of this constitution. 

SECTION 10. The supreme executive council of this State 
See Aru. shall Consist of a governor, lieutenant-governor and 

Amend., 9, twelve persons, chosen in the following manner, viz.: 
The freemen of each town shall, on the day of elec- 
tion for choosing representatives to attend the General Assembly, bring 
in their votes for governor, with his name fairly written, to the 
constable, who shall seal them up, and write on them. Votes for the 
Governor, and deliver them to the representative chosen to attend the 
General Assembly; and at the opening of the General Assembly, there 
shall be a committee appointed out of the council and assembly, who, 
after being duly sworn to the faithful discharge of their trust, shall 
proceed to receive, sort and count the votes for the governor, and 
declare the person who has the major part of the votes to be gover- 
nor for the year ensuing. And if there be no choice made, then the 
council and General Assembly, by their joint ballot, shall make 
choice of a governor. The lieutenant-governor and treasurer shall 
be chosen in the manner above directed. And each freeman shall 
give in twelve votes for twelve counsellors, in the same manner, 
and the twelve highest in nomination shall serve for the ensuing 
year as counsellors. 

SECTION II. The governor, and in his absence the lieutenant- 
governor, with the council, (a major part of vvhom. See Arts.. 
including the governor, or lieutenant-governor, shall Amend., 6, 7, 
be a quorum to transact business) shall have power to • 



Constitution of Vermont 385 



commission all officers — and also to appoint officers, except where 
provision is or shall be otherwise made by law or this frame of 
government — and shall supply every vacancy in any office, occasioned 
by death or otherwise, until the office can be filled in the manner 
directed by law or this constitution. They are to correspond with 
other States — transact business with officers of government, civil and 
military — and to prepare such business as may appear to them neces- 
sary, to lay before the General Assembly. They shall sit as judges to 
hearand determine on impeachments, taking to their assistance, for ad- 
vice only, the judges of the supreme court. And shall have power to 
grant pardons and remit fines, in all cases whatsoever, except in 
treason and murder; in which they shall have power to grant 
reprieves, but not to pardon, until after the end of the next session 
of Assembly; and except in cases of impeachment, in which there 
shall be no remission or mitigation of punishment but by act of 
legislation. They are also to take care that the laws be faithfully 
executed. They are to expedite the execution of such measures as 
may be resolved upon by the General Assembly. And they may 
draw upon the treasury for such sums as may be appropriated by 
the house of representatives. They may also lay embargoes, or pro- 
hibit the importation of any commodity for any time not exceeding 
thirty days, in the recess of the house only. They may grant such 
licenses as shall be directed by law; and shall have power to call 
together the General Assembly, when necessary, before the day to 
which they shall stand adjourned. The governor shall be captain- 
general and commander-in-chief of the forces of the State, but shall 
not command in person, except advised thereto by the council, and 
then only so long as they shall approve thereof. And the lieutenant- 
governor shall, by virtue of his office, be lieutenant-general of all 
the forces of the State. The governor, or lieutenant-governor, and 
the council, shall meet at the time and place with the General As- 
sembly; the lieutenant-governor shall, during the presence of the 
commander-in-chief, vote and act as one of the council; and the 
governor, and in his absence the lieutenant-governor, shall, by virtue 
of their offices, preside in council, and have a casting but no other 
vote. Every member of the council shall be a justice of the peace 
for the whole State, by virtue of his office. The governor and 
council shall have a secretary, and keep fair books of their proceed- 
ings, wherein any counsellor may enter his dissent, with his reasons 
to support it; and the governor may appoint a secretary for himself 
and his council. 



38t) Constitution of Vermont 



SECTION 12. The representatives having met, and chosen their 
speaker and clerk, shall each of them, before they proceed to busi- 
ness, take and subscribe, as well the oath or affirmation of allegiance 
hereinafter directed (except where they shall produce certificates of 
their having heretofore taken and subscribed the same) as the fol- 
lowing oath or affirmation, viz.: 

You do solemnly swear (or affirm) that as a 

member of this assembly you will not propose or assent to any bill, 
vote or resolution, which shall appear to you injurious to the peo- 
ple, nor do or consent to any act or thing whatever, that shall have 
a tendency to lessen or abridge their rights and privileges, as de- 
clared by the constitution of this State, but will, in all things, conduct 
yourself as a faithful, honest representative and guardian of the 
people, according to the best of your judgment and abilities. {In 
case of an oath) so help you God. {And in case of an affirmation) 
under the pains and penalties of perjury. 

SECTION 13. The doors of the house in which the General 
Assembly of this commonwealth shall sit shall be open for the 
admission of all persons, who behave decently, except only when 
the welfare of the State may require them to be sh jt. 

SECTION 14. The votes and proceedings of tht.- General As- 
sembly shall be printed (when one-third of the members think it 
necessary) as soon as convenient after the end of each session, 
with the yeas and nays on any question, when required by any 
member (except where the vote shall be taken by ballot), in which 
case every member shall have a right to insert the reasons of his vote 
upon the minutes. 

SECTION 15. The style of the laws of this State in future to 
be passed shall be, // is hereby enacted by the General Assembly of 
the State of Vermont. 

SECTION 16. To the end that laws, before they are enacted, 
may be more maturely considered, and the inconven- Superseded 
ience of hasty determinations as much as possible pre- See Art. 
vented, all bills which originate in the assembly shall Amend., 11. 
be laid before the governor and council for their revision and con- 
currence, or proposals of amendment; who shall return the same 
to the Assembly, with their proposals of amendment, if any, in 
writing; and if the same are not agreed to by the assembly, it 
shall be in the power of the governor and council to suspend the 
passing of such bills until the next sessions of the legislature. Pro- 



Constitution of Vermont 387 



vided, that if the governor and council shall neglect or refuse to 
return any such bill to the assembly, with written proposals of 
amendment, within five days, or before the rising of the legisla- 
ture, the same shall become a law. 

SECTION 17. No money shall be drawn out of the treasury, 
unless first appropriated by act of legislation. 

SECTION 18. No person shall be elected a representative until 
he has resided two years in this State, the last of which shall be 
in the town for which he is elected. 

SECTION 19. No member of the council, or house of representa- 
tives, shall directly or indirectly receive any fee or reward to 
bring forward or advocate any bill, petition or other business, to 
be transacted in the legislature ; or advocate any cause, as council 
in either house of legislation, except when employed in behalf of 
the State. 

SECTION 20. No person ought in any case, or in any time, 
to be declared guilty of treason or felony, by the legislature. 

SECTION 21. Every man of the full age of twenty-one years, 
See Art. having resided in this State for the space of one 

Amend., 1. whole year next before the election of representatives, 
and is of a quiet and peaceable behavior, and will take the follow- 
ing oath or affirmation, shall be entitled to all the privileges of a 
freeman of this State. 

You solemnly sivear (or affirm) that ivhenever you gi've your 
•vote or suffrage, touching any matter that concerns the State of 
Vermont, you ivill do it so as in your conscience you shall judge 
ivill most conduce to the best good of the same, as established by 
the constitution, ivithout fear or favour of any man. 

SECTION 22. The inhabitants of this State shall be trained 
and armed for its defence, under such regulations, restrictions, 
and exceptions as Congress, agreeably to the constitution of the 
United States, and the legislature of this State, shall direct. The 
several companies of militia shall, as often as vacancies happen, 
elect their captain and other officers, and the captains and sub- 
alterns shall nominate and recommend the field officers of their 
respective regiments, who shall appoint their staff officers. 

SECTION 23. All commissions shall be in the name of the 
freemen of the State of Vermont, sealed with the State seal, signed 



388 Constitution of Vermont 



by the governor, and in his absence the lieutenant-governor, and 
attested by the secretary; which seal shall be kept by the gov- 
ernor. 

SECTION 24. Every officer of State, whether judicial or execu- 
S«e Art*. tive, shall be liable to be impeached by the General 

Amend., 7 8. Assembly, either when in office, or after his resigna- 
tion or removal, for mal-administration. All impeachments shall 
be before the governor, or lieutenant-governor, and council, who 
shall hear and determine the same, and may award costs, and no 
trial or impeachment shall be a bar to a prosecution at law. 

SECTION 25. As every freeman, to preserve his independence 
(if without a sufficient estate) ought to have some profession, call- 
ing, trade, or farm, whereby he may honestly subsist, there can be 
no necessity for, nor use in, establishing offices of profit, the usual 
effects of which are dependence and servility, unbecoming freemen, 
in the possessors or expectants, and faction, contention and discord 
among the people. But if any man is called into public service 
to the prejudice of his private affairs, he has a right to a reason- 
able compensation ; and whenever an office through increase of fees 
or otherwise becomes so profitable as to occasion manj^ to apply 
for it, the profit ought to be lessened by the legislature. And if any 
officer shall wittingly and wilfully take greater fees than the 
law allows him, it shall ever after disqualify him from holding 
any office in this State, until he shall be restored by act of legis- 
lation. 

SECTION 26. No person in this State shall be capable of 
holding or exercising more than one of the following offices at 
the same time, viz.: governor, lieutenant-governor, judge of the 
supreme court, treasurer of the State, member of the council, mem- 
ber of the General Assembly, surveyor general or sheriff. Nor 
shall any person holding any office of profit or trust under the 
authority of Congress, be eligible to any appointment in the 
legislature, or of holding any executive or judiciary office under 
this State. 

SECTION 27. The treasurer of the State shall, before the 
governor and council, give sufficient security to the Superseded 
secretary of State, in behalf of the General Assembly ; See Art. 
and each high sheriff, before the first judge of the Amend.. 22. 
county court to the treasurer of their respective counties, previous to 
their respectively entering upon the execution of their offices, in 



Constitution of Vermont 389 



such manner, and in such sums, as shall be directed by the legis- 
lature. 

SECTION 28. The treasurer's account shall be annually audited 
and a fair statement thereof laid before the General Assembly, at 
their session in October. 

SECTION 29. Every officer, whether judicial, executive, or 
military, in authority under this State, before he enters upon the 
execution of his office shall take and subscribe the following oath or 
affirmation of allegiance to this State (unless he shall produce evi- 
dence that he has before taken the same), and also the following 
oath or affirmation of office, except military officers, and such as 
shall be exempted by the legislature. 

THE OATH OR AFFIRMATION OF ALLEGIANCE 

You do solemnly sivear (or affirm) that you ivill be true and 
faithful to the State of Vermont, and that you ivill not directly or 
indirectly, do any act or thing injurious to the constitution or gov- 
ernment thereof, as established by convention. (If an oath) so help 
you God. (If an affirmation) under the fains and penalties of 
perjury. 

THE OATH OR AFFIRMATION OF OFFICE 

You do solemnly sivear (or affirm) that you zvill 

faithfully execute the office of for the of 

and ivill therein do equal right and justice to all men, to the best 
of your judgment and abilities, according to laiv. (If an oath) 
so help you God. (If an affirmation) under the pains and pen- 
alties of perjury. 

SECTION 30. No person shall be eligible to the office of gov- 
ernor, or lieutenant-governor, until he shall have resided in this 
State four years next preceding the day of his election. 

SECTION 31. Trials of issues, proper for the cognizance of a 
jury, in the supreme and county courts, shall be by jury except 
where parties otherwise agree; and great care ought to be taken 
to prevent corruption or partiality in the choice and return, or 
appointment of juries. 

SECTION 32. All prosecutions shall commence. By the author- 
ity of the State of Vermont; all indictments shall conclude with 



390 Constitution of Vermont 



these words, against the peace and dignity of the State. And all 
fines shall be proportioned to the offenses. 

SECTION 33. The person of a debtor, where there is not 
strong presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in prison 
after delivering up and assigning over, bona fide, all his estate, 
real and personal, in possession, reversion or remainder, for the 
use of his creditors, in such manner as shall be hereafter regulated 
by law. And all prisoners, unless in execution, or committed for 
capital offenses, when the proof is evident or presumption great, 
shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, nor shall excessive bail be 
exacted for bailable oflFenses. 

SECTION 34. All elections, whether by the people or legisla- 
ture, shall be free and voluntary: and any elector who shall 
receive any gift or reward for his vote, in meat, drink, moneys, 
or otherwise, shall forfeit his right to elect at that time, and 
suffer such other penalty as the law shall direct; and any person 
who shall, directly or indirectly, give, promise or bestow any such 
rewards to be elected shall thereby be rendered incapable to serve 
for the ensuing year, and be subject to such further punishment 
as a future legislature shall direct. 

SECTION 35. All deeds and conveyances of land shall be 
recorded in the town clerk's office in their respective towns; 
and, for want thereof, in the county clerk's office of the same 
county. 

SECTION 36. The legislature shall regulate entails in such 
manner as to prevent perpetuities. 

SECTION 37. To deter more effectually from the commission 
of crimes, by continued visible punishments of long duration, and 
to make sanguinary punishments less necessary, means ought to be 
provided for punishing by hard labor those who shall be convicted 
of crimes not capital, whereby the criminal shall be employed for 
the benefit of the public, or for the reparation of injuries done to 
private persons: and all persons at proper times ought to be per- 
mitted to see them at their labor. 

SECTION 38. The estates of such persons as may destroy 
their own lives, shall not, for that offense, be forfeited, but descend 
or ascend in the same manner as if such person had died in a 
natural way. Nor shall any article which shall accidentally occa- 
sion the death of any person be henceforth deemed a deodand, 
or in any wise forfeited on account of such misfortune. 



Constitution of Vermont 391 



SECTION 39. Every person of good character, who comes to 
settle in this State, having first taken an oath or affirm- See Art. 
ation of allegiance to the same, may purchase, or by Amend., 1. 
other just means acquire, hold and transfer land, or other real 
estate; and after one year's residence shall be deemed a free 
denizen thereof, and entitled to all rights of a natural born sub- 
ject of this State, except that he shall not be capable of being 
elected governor, lieutenant-governor, treasurer, councillor or repre- 
sentative in assembly, until after two years' residence. 

SECTION 40. The inhabitants of this State shall have liberty 
in seasonable times to hunt and fowl on the lands they hold, and 
on other lands not inclosed ; and in like manner to fish in all boat- 
able and other waters (not private property) under proper regula- 
tions, to be hereafter made and provided by the General Assembly. 

SECTION 41. Laws for the encouragement of virtue and 
prevention of vice and immorality ought to be constantly kept 
in force, and duly executed, and a competent number of schools 
ought to be maintained in each town, for the convenient instruc- 
tion of youth, and one or more grammar schools be incorporated 
and properly supported, in each county of this State. And all 
religious societies, or bodies of men, that may be hereafter united 
or incorporated for the advancement of religion and learning, or 
for other pious and charitable purposes, shall be encouraged and 
protected in the enjoyment of the privileges, immunities and estates 
which they in justice ought to enjoy, under such regulations as 
the General Assembly of this State shall direct. 

SECTION 42. The declaration of the political rights and priv- 
ileges of the inhabitants of this State is hereby declared to be a 
part of the constitution of this commonwealth ; and ought not to 
be violated, on any pretense whatsoever. 

SECTION 43. In order that the freedom of this commonwealth 
Abrogated maybe preserved inviolate forever, there shall be chosen 
See Art by ballot, by the freemen of this State, on the last Wed- 

men ., nesday in March, in the year one thousand seven hun- 

dred and ninety-nine, and on the last Wednesday in March in every 
seven years thereafter, thirteen persons, who shall be chosen in 
the same manner the council is chosen, except they shall not be out 
of the council or General Assembly, to be called the council of 



392 Constitution of Vermont 



censors, who shall meet together on the first Wednesday of June 
next ensuing their election, the majority of whom shall be a 
quorum in every case, except as to calling a convention, in which 
two-thirds of the whole number elected shall agree; and whose 
duty it shall be to inquire whether the constitution has been pre- 
served inviolate in every part during the last septenary, (including 
the year of their service) ; and whether the legislative and executive 
branches of government have performed their duty, as guardians 
of the people, or assumed to themselves, or exercised, other or 
greater powers than they are entitled to by the constitution: — They 
are also to inquire whether the public taxes have been justly laid 
and collected in all parts of this commonwealth — in what manner 
the public moneys have been disposed of — and whether the laws 
have been duly executed. For these purposes they shall 
have power to send for persons, papers and records ; they shall have 
authority to pass public censures, to order impeachments, and to 
recommend to the legislature the repealing such laws as shall 
appear to them to have been passed contrary to the principles of 
the constitution: these powers they shall continue to have for and 
during the space of one year from the day of their election, and no 
longer. The said council of censors shall also have power to 
call a convention, to meet within two years after their sitting, 
if there appears to them an absolute necessity of amending any 
article of this constitution, which may be defective — explaining 
such as may be thought not clearly expressed — and of adding 
such as are necessary for the preservation of the rights and happi- 
ness of the people; but the articles to be amended, and the amend- 
ments proposed, and such articles as are proposed to be added or 
abolished, shall be promulgated at least six months before the day 
appointed for the election of such convention, for the previous con- 
sideration of the people, that they may have an opportunity of 
instructing their delegates on the subject. 



ARTICLES OF AMENDMENT 



ARTICLE I. No person who is not already a freeman of this 
State shall be entitled to exercise the privileges of a freeman 
unless he be a natural born citizen of this or some one of the 



Constitution of Vermont 393 

United States, or until he shall have been naturalized agreeably 
to the acts of Congress. 

ARTICLE 2. The ijiost numerous branch of the legislature 
of this State shall hereafter be styled the house of representatives. 

ARTICLE 3. The supreme legislative power of this State shall 
hereafter be exercised by a senate and the house of representatives, 
which shall be styled "The General Assembly of the State of 
Vermont." Each shall have and exercise the like powers in all 
acts of legislation; and no bill, resolution, or other thing, which 
shall have been passed by the one, shall have the effect of, or be 
declared to be, a law, without the concurrence of the other. Pro- 
vided, that all revenue bills shall originate in the house of repre- 
sentatives, — but the senate may propose or concur with amend- 
ments, as on other bills. Neither house during the session of the 
General Assembly shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn 
for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in 
which the two houses shall be sitting, — and in case of disagree- 
ment between the houses, with respect to adjournment, the gover- 
nor may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper. 

ARTICLE 4. The senate shall be composed of thirty senators. 
Superseded to be of the freemen of the county for which they 
See Art are elected respectively, who are thirty years of age 

mend., 23 ^j. upwards, and to be annually elected by the free- 
men of each county respectively. Each county shall be entitled to 
one senator, at least, and the remainder of the senators shall be 
apportioned to the several counties according to their population, as 
the same was ascertained by the last census, taken under the au- 
thority of the United States, — regard being always had, in such 
apportionment, to the counties having the greatest fraction. But 
the several counties shall, until after the next census of the United 
States, be entitled to elect, and have their senators in the following 
proportion, to wit: 

Bennington county, two; Windham county, three; Rutland 
county, three; Windsor county, four; Addison county, three; 
Orange county, three; Washington county, two; Chittenden 
county, two; Caledonia county, two; Franklin county, three; 
Orleans county, one; Essex county, one; Grand Isle county, 
one. 

The legislature shall make a new apportionment of the senators, 
to the several counties, after the taking of each census of the United 



394 Constitution of Vermont 



States, or census taken, for the purpose of such apportionment, by 
order of the government of this State — always regarding the above 
provisions in this article. 

ARTICLE 5. The freemen of the several towns in each county 
See Art. shall, annually, give their votes for the senators, ap- 

Amend., 24. portioned to such county, at the same time, and under 
the same regulations as are now provided for the election of coun- 
cillors. And the persons or persons, equal in number to 
the number of senators apportioned to such county, having 
the greatest number of legal votes, in such county respectively, 
shall be the senator or senators of such county. At every election 
of senators, after the votes shall have been taken, the constable or 
presiding officer, assisted by the selectmen and civil authority 
present, shall sort and count the said votes, and make two lists of 
the names of each person, with the number of votes given for each 
annexed to his name, a record of which shall be made in the town 
clerk's office, and shall seal up said lists, separately, and write on 
each the name of the town and these words: "Votes for senator," 
or "Votes for senators," as the case may be, one of which lists shall 
be delivered, by the presiding officer, to the representative of said 
town, (if any) and if none be chosen, to the representative of an 
adjoining town, to be transmitted to the president of the senate; — 
the other list, the said presiding officer shall, within ten days, 
deliver to the clerk of the county court, for the same county, — and 
the clerk of each county court, respectively, or, in case of his ab- 
sence or disability, the sheriff of such county, or in case of the ab- 
sence or disability of both, the high bailiff of such county, on the 
tenth day after such election shall publicly open, sort and count 
said votes; and make a record of the same In the office of the 
clerk of such county court, a copy of which he shall transmit to 
the senate; and shall also within ten days thereafter transmit to 
the person or persons elected a certificate of his or their election. 
Provided, however, that the General Assembly shall have power 
to regulate by law the mode of balloting for senators within the 
several counties, and to prescribe the means and the manner by 
which the result of the balloting shall be ascertained, and through 
which the senators chosen shall be certified of their election, 
and for filling all vacancies in the senate, which shall happen by 
death, resignation or otherwise. But they shall not have power to 
apportion the senators to the several counties, otherwise than ac- 



Constitution of Vermont 395 



cording to the population thereof agreeably to the provisions here- 
inbefore ordained. 

ARTICLE 6. The senate shall have the like powers to decide 
on the election and qualifications of and to expel any of its mem- 
bers, make its own rules, and appoint its own officers, as are inci- 
dent to, or are possessed by, the house of representatives. A ma- 
jority shall constitute a quorum. The lieutenant-governor shall be 
president of the senate, except when he shall exercise the office of 
governor, or when his office shall be vacant, or in his absence, in 
which cases the senate shall appoint one of its own members to be 
president of the senate pro tempore. And the president of the sen- 
ate shall have a casting vote, but no other. 

ARTICLE 7. The senate shall have the sole power of trying 
and deciding upon all impeachments; when sitting for that purpose 
they shall be on oath, or affirmation, and no person shall be con- 
victed without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 
Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend farther than 
to removal from office — and disqualification to hold or enjoy any 
office of honor, or profit, or trust, under this State. But the party 
convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, 
trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. 

ARTICLE 8. The supreme executive power of the State shall 

„ . , be exercised by the governor, or, in case of his ab- 

See Art -^ _ ° 

Amend., 22. sence or disability, by the lieutenant governor ; who 
Con. Sees. shall have all the powers and perform all the duties 
11,24,27. vested in and enjoined upon the governor and council, 
by the eleventh and twenty-seventh sections of the second chapter 
of the constitution, as at present established, excepting that he shall 
not sit as a judge, in case of impeachment, nor grant reprieve or 
pardon in any such case ; nor shall he command the forces of the 
State in person in time of war or insurrection, unless by the ad- 
vice and consent of the senate; and no longer than they shall 
approve thereof. The governor may have a secretary of civil and 
military affairs, to be by him appointed during pleasure, whose 
services he may at all times command ; and for whose compensa- 
tion provision shall be made by law. 

ARTICLE 9. The votes for governor, lieutenant-governor, and 
treasurer of the State shall be sorted and counted, and the result 
declared, by a committee appointed by the senate and house of repre- 



396 Constitution of Vermont 



sentatives. If, at any time, there shall be no election by the free- 
men, of governor, lieutenant-governor and treasurer of the State, 
the senate and house of representatives shall, by a joint ballot, elect 
to fill the office not filled by the freemen as aforesaid, one of the 
three candidates for such office (if there be so many), for whom the 
greatest number of votes shall have been returned. 

ARTICLE lo. The secretary of State, and all officers whose 
elections are not otherwise provided for, and who, under the exist- 
ing provisions of the constitution, are elected by the council and 
house of representatives, shall hereafter be elected by the senate 
and house of representatives, in joint assembly, at which the pre- 
siding officer of the senate shall preside; and such presiding officer, 
in such joint assembly, shall have a casting vote, and no other. 

ARTICLE II. Every bill, which shall have passed the senate 
and house of representatives, shall, before it become a law, be pre- 
sented to the governor; if he approve, he shall sign it; if not, he 
shall return it, with his objections in writing, to the house in 
which it shall have originated; which shall proceed to reconsider 
it. If, upon such reconsideration, a majority of the house shall pass 
the bill, it shall, together with the objections, be sent to the other 
house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved 
by a majority of that house, it shall become a law. But, in all such 
cases, the votes of both houses shall be taken by yeas and nays, and 
the names of the persons voting for or against the bill shall be 
entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall 
not be returned by the governor, as aforesaid, within five days (Sun- 
days excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same 
shall become a law, in like manner as if he had signed it; unless 
the two houses, by their adjournment within three days after the 
presentment of such bill, shall prevent its return, in which case it 
shall not become a law. 

ARTICLE 12. The writ of habeas corpus shall in no case be 
suspended. It shall be a writ issuable of right, and the General 
Assembly shall make provision to render it a speedy and eflFectual 
remedy in all cases proper therefor. 

ARTICLE 13. Such parts and provisions only of the constitution 
of this State, established by convention on the ninth day of July, 
one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three, as are altered or 
superseded by any of the foregoing amendments, or are repugnant 
thereto, shall hereafter cease to have effect. 



Constitution of Vermont 397 

ARTICLE 14. The assistant judges of the county court shall 
be elected by the freemen of their respective counties. 

ARTICLE 15. Sheriifs and high bailiffs shall be elected by the 
freemen of their respective counties. 

ARTICLE 16. States attorneys shall be elected by the freemen 
of their respective counties. 

ARTICLE 17. Judges of probate shall be elected by the freemen 
of their respective probate districts. 

ARTICLE 18. Justices of the peace shall be elected by the 
freemen of their respective towns; and towns having less than 
one thousand inhabitants may elect any number of justices of the 
peace not exceeding /I've; towns having one thousand and less than 
two thousand inhabitants, may elect seven ; towns having two thou- 
sand and less than three thousand inhabitants, may elect ten ; towns 
having three thousand and less than five thousand inhabitants, may 
elect tivelve ; and towns having five thousand or more inhabitants, 
habitants, may elect fifteen justices of the peace. 

ARTICLE 19. All the officers named in the preceding articles 
See Art. of amendment shall be annually elected by ballot and 

Amend., 24. shall hold their offices for one year, said year com- 
mencing on the first day of December next after their election. 

ARTICLE 20. The election of the several officers mentioned 
in the preceding articles, excepting town representatives, See Art. 

shall be made at the times and in the manner now Amend., 24. 
directed in the constitution for the choice of senators. And the 
presiding officer of each freeman's meeting, after the votes shall 
have been taken, sorted and counted, shall, in open meeting, make 
a certificate of the names of each person voted for, with the number 
of votes given for each, annexed to his name, and designating the 
office for which the votes were given, a record of which shall be 
made in the town clerk's office, and he shall seal up said certificate, 
and shall write thereon the name of the town and the words, 

Certificate of 'vote for , and add thereto, in writing, 

the title of the office voted for, as the case may be, and shall de- 
liver such certificate to some representative chosen as a member of 
the General Assembly, whose duty it shall be to cause such cer- 
tificate of votes to be delivered to the committee of the General 
Assembly, appointed to canvass the same. And at the sitting of 



(26) 



398 Constitution of Vermont 



the General Assembly, next after such balloting for the officers 
aforesaid, there shall be a committee appointed of and by the Gen- 
eral Assembly, who shall be sworn to the faithful discharge 
of their duty, and whose duty it shall be to examine such certi- 
ficates and ascertain the number of votes given for each candidate, 
and the person receiving the largest number of votes for the respec- 
tive offices shall be declared duly elected, and by such committee 
be reported to the General Assembly, and the officers so elected 
shall be commissioned by the governor. And if two or more per- 
sons designated for any one of said offices shall have received an 
equal number of votes, the General Assembly shall elect one of such 
persons to such office. 

ARTICLE 21. The term of office of the governor, lieutenant- 
governor and treasurer of the State, respectively, shall See Art. 
commence when they shall be chosen and qualified, and Amend., 24- 
shall continue for the term of one year, or until their successors 
shall be chosen or qualified, or to the adjournment of the session 
of the legislature, at which, by the constitution and laws, their suc- 
cessors are required to be chosen, and not after such adjournment. 
And the legislature shall provide, by general law, declaring what 
officer shall act as governor whenever there shall be a vacancy in 
both the offices of governor and lieutenant-governor, occasioned by 
a failure to elect, or by the removal from office, or by the death, 
resignation or inability of both governor and lieutenant-governor, to 
exercise the powers and discharge the duties of the office of governor: 
and such officer, so designated, shall exercise the powers and dis- 
charge the duties appertaining to the office of governor accordingly 
until the disability shall be removed or a governor shall be elected. 
And in case there shall be a vacancy in the office of treasurer, by 
reason of any of the causes enumerated, the governor shall appoint 
a treasurer for the time being, who shall act as treasurer until the 
disability shall be removed or a new election shall be made. 

ARTICLE 22. The treasurer of the State shall, before entering 
upon the duties of his office, give sufficient security to the secretary 
of State, in behalf of the State of Vermont, before the governor of 
the State or one of the judges of the supreme court. And sheriffs 
and high bailiffs, before entering upon the duties of their respective 
offices, shall give sufficient security to the treasurers of their re- 
spective counties, before one of the judges of the supreme court, or 
the two assistant judges of the county court of their respective coun- 
ties, in such manner and in such sums as shall be directed by the 
legislature. 



Constitution of Vermont 399 



ARTICLE 23. The senate shall be composed of thirty senators, 
See Art. to be of the freemen of the county for which they are 

Amend., 24. elected, respectively, who shall have attained the age 
of thirty years, and they shall be elected annually by the freemen 
of each county respectively. 

The senators shall be apportioned to the several counties accord- 
ing to the population, as ascertained by the census taken under 
the authority of Congress in the year 1840, regard being always 
had, in such apportionment, to the counties having the largest frac- 
tion, and giving to each county at least one senator. 

The legislature shall make a new apportionment of the senators 
to the several counties, after the taking of each census of the 
United States, or after a census taken for the purpose of such ap- 
portionment, under the authority of this State, always regarding the 
above provisions of this article. 

ARTICLE 24. Section i. The General Assembly shall meet on 
the first Wednesday of October, biennially; the first election shall 
be on the first Tuesday of September, A.D. 1870; the first session of 
the General Assembly on the first Wednesday of October, A. D. 
1870. 

Section 2. The governor, lieutenant-governor, treasurer of the 
State, senators, town representatives, assistant judges of the county 
court, sheriffs, high bailiffs, State's attorneys, judges of probate and 
justices of the peace, shall be elected biennially, on the first Tues- 
day of September, in the manner prescribed by the constitution of 
the State. 

Section 3. The terra of office of the governor, lieutenant-governor 
and treasurer of the State, respectively, shall commence when they 
shall be chosen and qualified, and shall continue for the term of 
two years, or until their successors shall be chosen and qualified, or 
to the adjournment of the session of the legislature at which, by the 
constitution and laws, their successors are required to be chosen, 
and not after such adjournment. 

Section 4. The term of office of senators and town representa- 
tives shall be two years, commencing on the first Wednesday of 
October following their election. 

Section 5. The term of office of the assistant judges of the county 
court, sheriffs, high bailiffs, State's attorneys, judges of probate and 
justices of the peace, shall be two years, and shall commence on 
the first day of December next after their election. 



400 Constitution of Vermont 



ARTICLE 25. Section I. At the session of the General Assembly 
of this State, A.D. 1880, and at the session thereof every tenth year 
thereafter, the senate may, by a vote of two-thirds of its members, 
make proposals of amendment to the constitution of the State, which 
proposals of amendment, if concurred in by a majority of the mem- 
bers of the house of representatives, shall be entered on the journals 
of the two houses, and referred to the General Assembly then next 
to be chosen, and be published in the principal newspapers of the 
State; and if a majority of the members of the senate and of the 
house of representatives of the next following General Assembly 
shall respectively concur in the same proposals of amendment, or 
any of them, it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to sub- 
mit the proposals of amendment so concurred in to a direct vote of 
the freemen of the State; and such of said proposals of amendment 
as shall receive a majority of the votes of the freemen voting there- 
on shall become a part of the constitution of this State. 

Section 2. The General Assembly shall direct the manner of 
voting by the people upon the proposed amendments, and enact all 
such laws as shall be necessary to procure a free and fair vote 
upon each amendment proposed, and to carry into effect all the 
provisions of the preceding section. 

Section 3. The house of representatives shall have all the powers 
now possessed by the council of censors to order impeachments, 
which shall in all cases be by a vote of two-thirds of its members. 

Section 4. The forty-third section of the second part of the con- 
stitution of this State is hereby abrogated. 

ARTICLE 26. The judges of the supreme court shall be elected 
biennially, and their term of office shall be two years. 

ARTICLE 27. Section i. The representatives having met on 
the day appointed by law for the commencement of a biennial 
session of the General Assembly, and chosen their speaker, and the 
senators having met, shall, before they proceed to business, take and 
subscribe the following oath, in addition to the oath now pre- 
scribed: "You , do solemnly swear (or affirm) 
that you did not, at the time of your election to this body, and that 
you do not noiv hold any office of profit or trust under the authority 
of Congress. So help you God." Or, in case of affirmation, "Under 
the pains and penalties of perjury." 

Section 2. The words "office of profit or trust under the authority 
of Congress shall be construed to mean any office created directly 



Constitution of Vermont 401 



or indirectly by Congress, and for which emolument is provided 
from the treasury of the United States. 

ARTICLE 28. Section i. The secretary of State and auditor of 
accounts shall be elected by the freemen of the State upon the same 
ticket with the governor, lieutenant-governor and treasurer. 

Section 2. The legislature shall carry this article into effect by 
appropriate legislation. 



SYNOPSIS OF THE CONSTITUTION OF 
VERMONT 

CHAPTER I. DECLARATION OF RIGHTS 

Article 

1. Equality and natural rights of all men. 

2. Private property subservient to public use. — Equivalent to be 

paid. 

3. Religious freedom. 

4. Every person to find remedy at law. i 

5. Internal police to be regulated by the people. 

6. Officers of government trustees of the people. 

7. Government for the benefit and under the control of the people. 

8. Freedom of elections. 

9. Rights and duties of citizens in government. — Exemption from 

bearing arms. — Taxation. 

10. Rights of persons prosecuted for crime. 

11. Regulation of search and seizure. 

12. Trial by jury. 

13. Freedom of speech and of the press. 

14. Freedom of legislative debate. 

15. Legislature only to suspend laws. 

16. Right of bearing arms — Military subordinate to civil power. 

17. Restrictions of law martial. 

18. Recurrence to principles and adherence to justice, etc., requisite 

to preserve liberty, etc. 

19. Right of emigration. 

20. Right of instruction. — Popular assemblies, etc. 

21. Transportation for trial forbidden. 



402 Constitution of Vermont 



CHAPTER II. FRAME OF GOVERNMENT 

Section 

1. Organs of government. 

2. Legislative power. 

3. Executive power. , 

4. Courts of justice in each county. 

5. Court of chancery may be constituted. 

6. Legislative, executive and judiciary departments to be separate. 

7. Representation of towns regulated. 

8. Choice and qualification of representatives. 

9. General Assembly. — Time of meeting. — Powers plenary, but 

not to infringe this constitution. 

10. Executive council. — Manner of election of governor, lieutenant 

governor, treasurer and councillors. 

11. Powers of governor and council; to commission officers; ap- 

point officers; fill vacancies; correspond with other States; 
prepare business for General Assembly; try impeachments; 
grant pardons and remit fines; take care that laws be 
executed; draw on the treasury; lay embargo for thirty days; 
grant licenses; convoke the General Assembly. — Governor to 
be captain-general. — Lieutenant-governor to be lieutenant- 
general. — Meetings of the council. — Casting vote of the pre- 
siding officer. — Councillors justices. — Secretary of governor 
and council. 

12. Oath to be taken and subscribed by representatives. 

13. Doors of General Assembly to be open, except in certain cases. 

14. Journals, with yeas and nays, to be printed. 

15. Style of laws. 

16. Bills to be laid before the governor and council. — Power of 

governor and council to suspend bills. 

17. Drafts on treasury. — Restriction. 

18. Residences of representatives. 

19. Members of council and house prohibited from acting as 

counsel. 

20. Legislature restricted. 

21. Qualification of freemen. — Oath. 

22. People to be armed and trained. — Militia officers, how chosen. 

23. Formality of commissions. — State seal kept by governor. 

24. Impeachments, how tried. — No bar to prosecution at law. 

25. Compensation of public officers. — In what cases to be reduced. 

— Receiving illegal fees, disqualification. 



Constitution of Vermont 403 



Section 

26. Offices incompatible. — Office under U. S. and this State incom- 

patible. 

27. Sureties required of treasurer and sheriffs. 

28. Treasurer's account to be audited. 

29. Officers to take and subscribe oaths. — Oath of office. — Oath of 

fealty. 

30. Eligibility to office of governor and lieutenant-governor. 

31. Trials by jury. 

. 32. Style of prosecution and indictment. — Fines. 

33. Relief of imprisoned debtors. 

34. Elections to be voluntary. — Penalty for corruption. 

35. Record of Deeds. 

36. Regulation of entails. 

37. State prison to be provided. 

38. Estate of suicide not forfeited. — No deodand. 

39. Citizenship, how acquired. 

40. Liberty of hunting, etc. 

41. Laws for the encouragement of virtue and the prevention of 

vice to be kept in force. — Schools to be supported. 

42. Declaration of rights part of the constitution. 

43. Council of censors constituted. — Their duties and powers. 

ARTICLES OF AMENDMENT 

1. Foreigners to be naturalized before admitted to the privileges 

of freemen. 

2. House of representatives. 

3. General Assembly composed of senate and house of repre- 

sentatives. — Their powers. — Revenue bills to originate in the 
house. — Adjournment. 

4. Qualification and apportionment of senators. 

5. Election of senators. — Return and canvass of votes. — Duties of 

county clerks. — General Assembly may regulate mode of 
election. 

6. Powers incident to the senate. — Lieutenant-governor to be 

president. — President to have a casting vote. 

7. Senate to try impeachments. — Extent of judgment in impeach- 

ments. 

8. Governor supreme executive. — General powers. — May appoint 

secretary of civil and military affairs. 



404 COXSTITUTION OF VeRMOXT 



Section 
9. Votes for governor, lieutenant-governor and treasurer to be 
canvassed by General Assembly. — Proceedings in case of no 
election by the people. 

10. Joint assembly to elect officers. — President of the senate to pre- 

side in joint assembly. 

11. Bills, having passed both houses, to be sent "to the governor and 

signed by him, if approved. — If not approved, to be returned. 
— If passed, to become lavs's. — Bills not returned in five days 
to become laws. 

12. Writ of habeas corpus not to be suspended. 

13. Parts of the constitution superseded by the above articles of 

amendment to cease to have effect. 

14. Judges of county court to be elected by the freemen. 

15. Sheriffs and high bailiffs to be elected by the freemen. 

16. State's attorneys to be elected by the freemen. 

17. Judges of probate to be elected by the freemen. 

18. Justices of the peace to be elected by the freemen. Number 

which each town may elect. 

19. Above officers to be annually elected by ballot. — Term of office. 

20. Time and manner of electing above officers. — Votes for, by whom 

taken, certified and canvassed. — Officers to be commissioned 
by the governor. — If two or more have equal number of 
votes. General Assembly to elect. 

21. Term of office of governor, lieutenant-governor and treasurer. 

— Legislature to provide for vacancy in office for both gov- 
ernor and lieutenant-governor. — Governor may appoint 
treasurer in case of a vacancy. 

22. Securities required of treasurer, sheriffs and high bailiffs. 

23. Number and qualifications of the senators. — How elected. — 

Their apportionment to the several counties. — New appor- 
tionment, when to be made. 

24. General Assembly to meet on the first Wednesday in October, 

biennially. — State and county officers, senators and representa- 
tives to be elected biennially. — Term of senators and repre 
sentatives. — Term of county officers. 

25. Amendments to the constitution, how to be proposed and de- 

cided. — The General Assembly to direct the manner of vot- 
ing on proposed amendments. — Council of censors and con- 
vention abrogated. 

26. Judges of supreme court elected biennially, and their term of 

office. 

27. Additional oath required of members of the General Assembly. 

28. The secretary of State and the auditor of accounts to be elected 

by the freemen. 



Constitution of the United States 

with Parallel Passages from the 

Constitution of Vermont 



THE SOURCE OF POLITICAL POWER 

All power being [is] originally inherent in and consequently 
derived from the people. — Vt, i :6. 

THE PURPOSE OF GOVERNMENT 

Government is, or ought to be, instituted for the common bene- 
fit, protection and security of the people, nation or community, and 
not for the particular emolument or advantage of any single man, 
family or set of men, who are a part only of that community. — 
Vt., 1:7. 

FOUR FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 

No person shall be deprived of LIFE, LIBERTY, or 
PROPERTY, without due PROCESS OF LAW.— Art. 5, Amend., 
Const. U. S. 



THE PURPOSE OF THE CONSTITUTION OF 
THE UNITED STATES 



PREAMBLE 

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more 
perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide 
for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure 
the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and 
establish this CONSTITUTION FOR THE UNITED STATES 
OF AMERICA. 



40^ Constitution of Vermont 



WHAT THE constitution OF THE UNITED STATES IS 
This constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall 
be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall 
be made under the authority of the United States, shall be the 
supreme law of the land; and the judges in every State shall be 
bound thereby; anything in the constitution or laws of any State to 
the contrary notwithstanding. — U. S., 6:2. 

THE DEPARTMENTS OF OUR GOVERNMENT AND THEIR 

RELATIONS 

The legislative, executive and judiciary departments shall be 
separate and distinct, so that neither exercise the powers properly 
belonging to the other. — Vt., 2:6., and U. S., 1:1., 2:1., 3:1. 



ARTICLE I 

THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT OF GOVERNMENT 

Sec. I. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in 
a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a senate and 
house of representatives. 

The supreme legislative power of this State shall be exercised 
by a senate and the house of representatives, which shall be styled 
"The General Assembly of the State of Vermont." — Vt., 3 13. 

Sec. 2. Clause i. The house of representatives shall be com- 
posed of members chosen, every second year, by the people of the 
several States; and the electors in each State shall have the quali- 
fications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the 
State legislature. 

The house of representatives of the freemen of this State shall 
consist of persons most noted for wisdom and virtue, to be chosen 
by ballot by the freemen of every town in this State, respectively, 
on the first Tuesday in September of every even year. — Vt., 2:8, 

3 •24- 

Every man of the full age of twenty-one years, having resided 
in this State for the space of one whole year, next before the elec- 
tion of representatives, ?nd is of a quiet and peaceable behavior, 
and will take the following oath or affirmation, shall be entitled to 
all the privileges of a freeman of this State: 

"You solemnly swear (or affirm) that whenever you give your 
vote or suffrage, touching any matter that concerns the State of 
Vermont, vou will do it so as in your conscience you shall judge will 



Constitution of Verimont 407 



most conduce to the best good of the same, as established by the 
constitution, without fear or favor of any man." — Vt., 2:21. 

No person, who is not already a freeman of this State, shall be 
entitled to exercise the privileges of a freeman, unless he be a 
natural born citizen of this, or some one of the United States, or 
until he shall have been naturalized, agreeably to the acts of Con- 
gress. — Vt., 3:1. 

Clause 2. No person shall be a representative who shall not 
have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years 
a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be 
an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 

No person shall be elected a representative until he has reside.! 
two years in this State, the last of which shall be in the town for 
which he is elected. — Vt., 2:18. 

That all elections ought to be free, and without corruption, and 
that all freemen, having a sufficient evident common interest with 
and attachment to the community, have a right to elect and be 
elected into office, agreeably to the regulations made in this con- 
stitution. — Vt., 1 :8. 

Clause J. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned 
among the several States which may be included within this Union, 
according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by 
adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound 
to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, 
three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be 
made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of 
the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, 
in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of repre- 
sentatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each 
State shall have at least one representative; and until such enumer- 
ation shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitl;;d 
to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence 
Plantations one, Connecticut five. New York six. New Jersey four, 
Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, 
North Carolina five. South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 

In order that the freemen of this State might enjoy the benefit of 
election as equally as may be, each town within this State, that con- 
sists or may consist of eighty taxable inhabitants, within one sep- 
tenary or seven years after the establishment of this constitution, 
may hold elections therein, and choose, each, two representatives to 
represent them in general assembly, during the septenary or seven 
years. And after that each inhabited town may, in like manner, 
hold such election, and choose one representative, forever thereafter. 
— Vt, 2:7. 



4o8 • Constitution of Vermont 



Clause 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from 
any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of elec- 
tion to fill such vacancies. 

Clause 5. The house of representatives shall choose their speaker 
and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

The representatives shall have power to choose their speaker, their 
clerk and other necessary officers of the house. They may impeach 
State criminals. — Vt, 2:9. 

Sec. 3. Clause I. The senate of the United States shall be com- 
posed of two senators from each State, chosen by the legislature 
thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one vote. 

The senate shall be composed of thirty senators, to be of the 
freemen of the county for which they are elected, respectively, who 
shall have attained the age of thirty years, and they shall be elected 
biennially by the freemen of each county respectively. 

The senators shall be apportioned to the several counties, accord- 
ing to the population, as ascertained by the census taken under the 
authority of Congress, in tlie year 1840, regard being always had, 
in such apportionment, to the counties having the largest fraction, 
and giving to each county at least one senator. 

The legislature shall make a new appointment of the senators to 
the several counties, after the taking of each census of the United 
States, or after a census taken for the purpose of such apportion- 
ment, under the authority of this State, always regarding the above 
provisions of this article. — Vt., 3 :23, 24. 

Clause 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled, in conse- 
quence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may 
be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class 
shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year; of the second 
class at the expiration of the fourth year; and of the third class at 
the expiration of the sixth year; so that one-third may be chosen 
every second year. And if vacancies happen by resignation or 
otherwise during the recess of the legislature of any State, the 
Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next 
meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 

The General Assembly shall have power to regulate by law the 
mode of filling all vacancies in the senate, which shall happen by 
death, resignation or otherwise. — Vt., 3 :5. 

Clause 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have 
attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen 
of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an in- 
habitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. See Amend- 
ments to Const. U. S., Art. 14, Sec. 3. 



Constitution of Vermont 409 



Clause 4. The vice-president of the United States shall be pre- 
sident of the senate, but shall have no vote unless they are equally 
divided. 

Clause 5. The senate shall choose their other officers, and also 
a president, pro tempore, in the absence of the vice-president, or 
when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. 

The senate shall have the sole power to decide on the election 
and qualifications of, and to expel any of its members, make its 
own rules, and appoint its own officers, as are incident to, or are 
possessed by, the house of representatives. A majority shall con- 
stitute a quorum. The lieutenant-governor shall be president of the 
senate, except when he shall exercise the office of governor, or when 
his office shall be vacant, or in his absence; in which cases the 
senate shall appoint one of its own members to be president of the 
senate, pro tempore. And the president of the senate shall have a 
casting vote, but no other. — Vt., 3 :6. 

Clause 6. The senate shall have the sole power to try all im- 
peachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath 
or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, 
the chief justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted 
without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 

Clause 7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend 
further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and 
enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit, under the United States; 
but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to 
indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to law. 

The senate shall have the sole power of trying and deciding 
upon all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall 
be upon oath or affirmation, and no person shall be convicted with- 
out the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Judg- 
ment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to 
removal from office and disqualification to hold or enjoy any office 
of honor, or profit, or trust, under this State. But the party con- 
victed shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, 
judgment and punishment, according to law. — Vt., 3:7. 

Sec. 4. Clause I. The times, places and manner of holding 
elections for senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each 
State, by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time, 
by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the place of 
choosing senators. 

The General Assembly shall have power to regulate, by law, the 
mode of balloting for senators within the several counties, and to 
prescribe the means and the manner by which the result of the 
balloting shall be ascertained, and through which the senators 
chosen shall be certified of their election. — Vt., 3 :$. 



4IO Constitution of Vermont 



Clause 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every 
year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, 
unless they shall, by law, appoint a diflferent day. 

The General Assembly shall meet on the first Wednesday of 
October, biennially; the first election shall be on the first Tuesday 
of September, A. D. 1870; the first session of the General Assembly 
on the first Wednesday of October, A. D. 1870. — Vt., 3:24. 

Sec. 5. Clause i. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, 
returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of 
each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller num- 
ber may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel 
the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such 
penalties, as each house may provide. 

Each house of the General Assembly shall judge of the elections 
and qualifications of its own members. — Vt., 2:9. 

Clause 2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, 
punish its members for disorderly behavior, and with the concur- 
rence of two-thirds expel a member. 

The house of representatives may expel members, but not for 
causes known to their constituents antecedent to their election. — 
Vt., 2:9. 

The senate shall have the like power to decide on the election 
and qualifications of, and to expel any of its members, make its own 
rules, and appoint its own officers, as are incident to or are pos- 
sessed by the house of representatives. — Vt., 3 :6. 

Clause 3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, 
and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as 
may, in their judgment, require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of 
the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire 
of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 

The votes and proceedings of the General Assembly shall be 
printed (when one-third of the members think it necessary) as 
soon as convenient after the end of each session, with the yeas and 
nays on any question, when required by any member (except where 
the vote shall be taken by ballot), in which case every member 
shall have a right to insert the reason of his vote upon the minutes. 
— Vt, 2:14. 

Clause 4. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, 
without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, 
nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be 
sitting. 

Neither house, during the session of the General Assembly, shall, 
without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, 
nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be 
sitting. — Vt, 3 13. 



Constitution of Vermont 411 



Sec. 6. Clause I. The senators and representatives shall re- 
ceive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, 
and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall, in 
all cases except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privi- 
leged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their 
respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; 
and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be 
questioned in any other place. 

If any man is called into public service to the prejudice of his 
private affairs, he has a right to a reasonable compensation.— Vt., 

_ The freedom of deliberation, speech and debate in the legislature 
IS so essential to the rights of the people, that it cannot be the 
foundation of any accusation or prosecution, action or complaint in 
any other court or place whatsoever. — Vt, 2:24. 

Clause 2. No senator or representative shall, during the time 
for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under 
the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, 
or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such 
time; and no person holding any office under the United States shall 
be a member of either house during his continuance in office. 

No person in this State shall be capable of holding or exercising 
more than one of the following offices at the same time, viz.: 
governor, lieutenant-governor, judge of the supreme court, treasurer 
of the State, member of the General Assembly, surveyor-general or 
sheriff. — Vt., 2:26. ' 

Nor shall any person, holding any office of profit or trust under 
the_ authoritv of Congress, be eligible to any appointment in the 
legislature, or of holding any executive or judiciary office under 
this State. — Vt., 2:26. 

Sec. 7. Clause I. All bills for raising revenue shall originate 
in the house of representatives; but the senate may propose or con- 
cur with amendments, as on other bills. 

Provided that all revenue bills shall originate in the house of 
representatives, — but the senate may propose or concur with amend- 
ments, as in other bills. — Vt., 3:3. 

Clause 2. Every bill which shall have passed the house of repre- 
sentatives and the senate, shall, before it become a law, be pre- 
sented to the President of the United States; if he approve, he shall 
sign it, but if not, he shall return it with his objections, to that 
house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objec- 
tions at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, 
after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to 
pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the 



412 Constitution of Vermont 



other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if 
approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become 
a law. But in all such cases, the votes of both houses 
shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of 
the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered 
on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be 
returned by the President within ten days (Sunday excepted) after 
it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like 
manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjourn- 
ment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

Every bill, which shall have passed the senate and house of 
representatives, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the 
governor; if he approve, he shall sign it; if not, he shall return it 
with his objections in writing, to the house in which it shall have 
originated, which shall proceed to reconsider it. If, upon such re- 
consideration, a majority of the house shall pass the bill, it shall, 
together with the objections, be sent to the other house, by which it 
shall likewise be reconsidered, and, if approved by a majority of 
that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes 
of both houses shall be taken by yeas and nays, and the names of 
the persons voting for or against the bill shall be entered on the 
journal of each house, respectively. If any bill shall not be re- 
turned by the governor, as aforesaid, within five days (Sunday 
excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall 
become a law, in like manner as if he had signed it; unless the 
two houses, by their adjournment within three days after the pre- 
sentment of such bill, shall prevent its return: in which case it shall 
not become a law. — Vt., 3:11. 

Clause 3. Every order, resolution or vote, to which the concur- 
rence of the senate and house of representatives may be neces- 
sary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to 
the President of the United States; and before the same shall take 
effect, shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, 
shall be re-passed by two-thirds of the senate and house of repre- 
sentatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the 
case of a bill. 

Sec. 8. Clause I. The Congress shall have power to lay and 
collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts, and pro- 
vide for the common defense and general welfare of the United 
States ; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform through- 
out the United States. 

Every member of society hath a right to be protected in the en- 
joyment of life, liberty and property, and therefore is bound to 
contribute his proportion towards the expense of that protection. — 
Vt, 1:9. 



Constitution of Vermont 413 



The General Assembly shall have the power to lay and collect 
State taxes. — Vt., 2 :g. 

And, previous to any law being made to raise a tax, the purpose 
for which it is to be raised ought to appear evident to the legis- 
lature to be of more service to the community than the money would 
be if not collected. — Vt., i :g. 

Clause 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States. 

Clause 2- To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and 
among the several States, and with the Indian tribes. 

Clause 4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and 
uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United 
States. 

Clause 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of 
foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures. 

Clause 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the 
securities and current coin of the United States. 

Clause 7. To establish post-offices and post roads. 

Clause 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, 
by securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive 
right to their respective writings and discoveries. 

Clause g. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court. 

A future legislature may, when they shall conceive the same to 
be expedient and necessary, erect a court of chancery, with such 
powers as are usually exercised by that court, or as shall appear 
for the interest of the commonwealth ; provided, they do not con- 
stitute themselves the judges of said court. — Vt., 2:5. 

Clause 10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed 
on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations. 

Clause II. To declare war, grant letters of marque and re- 
prisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water. 

Clause 12. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of 
money to that use shall be for a longer time than two years. 

Clause /J. To provide and maintain a navy. 

Clause 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of 
the land and naval forces. 

Clause 15 and 16. To provide for calling forth the militia to 
execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel in- 
vasions: — To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the 
militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed 
in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respect- 
ively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training 
the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. 



(27) 



414 Constitution of Vermont 



The inhabitants of this State shall be trained and armed for its 
defense, under such regulations, restrictions, and exceptions as Con- 
gress, agreeably to the constitution of the United States and the 
legislature of this State, shall direct. The several companies of 
militia shall, as often as vacancies happen, elect their captain and 
other officers, and the captains and subalterns shall nominate and 
recommend the field officers of their respective regiments, who shall 
appoint their staff officers. — Vt., 2:22. 

Clause 17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases what- 
soever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, 
by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, 
become the seat of the government of the United States, and to 
exercise like authority over all places purchased by consent of the 
legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection 
of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful build- 
ings. 

Clause 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and 
proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all 
other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the 
United States, or in any department or officer thereof. 

The General Assembly shall have all powers necessary for the 
legislature of a free and sovereign State. — Vt., 2 19. 

Sec. 9. Clause /.. The migration or importation of such persons 
as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall 
not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand 
eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such 
importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 

That all people have a natural and inherent right to emigrate 
from one State to another that will receive them. — Vt., 1:19. 

Clause 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not 
be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion, or invasion, the 
public safety may require it. 

The writ of habeas corpus shall, in no case, be suspended. It 
shall be a writ, issuable of right; and the General Assembly shall 
make provision to render it a speedy and effectual remedy in all 
cases proper therefor. — Vt., 3 :i2. 

Clause 3. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, shall be 
passed. 

No person ought, in any case, or at any time, to be declared guilty 
of treason or felony by the legislature. — Vt., 2 :2o. 

Clause 4. No capitation, or other direct tax, shall be laid, unless 
in proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to 
be taken. 



Constitution of Vermont 415 



Clause 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from 
any State. 

Clause 6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of 
commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of an- 
other; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be obliged to 
enter, clear or pay duties in another. 

Clause y. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in 
consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular state- 
ment and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public 
money shall be published from time to time. 

No money shall be drawn out of the treasury unless first appro- 
priated by act of legislation. — Vt, 2:17. 

The treasurer's account shall be annually audited, and a fair 
statement thereof be laid before the General Assembly, at their 
session in October. — Vt, 2 :28. 

Clause 8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United 
States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under 
them shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any 
present, emolument, office or title, of any kind whatever, from any 
king, prince or foreign State. 

Sec. 10. Clause l. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance 
or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; 
emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a 
tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto 
law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any 
title of nobility. 

Clause 2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, 
lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may 
be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the 
net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports 
or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United 
States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and con- 
trol of the Congress. 

Clause 3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay 
any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, 
enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a 
foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in 
such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II 

THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 
Sec. I. Clause I. The executive power shall be vested in a 
President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office 



41 6 Constitution of Vermont 



during the term of four years; and, together with the vice- 
president, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: 

Clause 2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the 
legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors equal to the 
whole number of senators and representatives to which the State 
may be entitled in the Congress; but no senator or representative, 
or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United 
States shall be appointed an elector. 

Clause 3. (The original clause third was annulled by the 12th 
article of amendment which took the place of the original clause, 
September 25th, 1804. This article of amendment is as follows) : 
The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote, by 
ballot, for President and vice-president, one of whom at least shall 
not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall 
name in their ballots the persons voted for as President, and in 
distinct ballots the person voted for as vice-president; and they 
shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and 
of all persons voted for as vice-president, and of the number of 
votes for each, which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, 
sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, directed 
to the president of the senate; the president of the senate shall, in 
the presence of the senate and house of representatives, open all 
the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the person 
having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the 
President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of 
electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then, from 
the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on 
the list of those voted for as President, the house of representatives 
shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President; but in choosing 
the President the votes shall be taken by States, the representation 
from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall 
consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and 
a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice; and if 
the house of representatives shall not choose a President whenever 
the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day 
of March next following, then the vice-president shall act as 
President, as in the case of the death, or other constitutional dis- 
ability, of the President. The person having the greatest number 
of votes as vice-president shall be the vice-president, if such num- 
ber be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and 
if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers 



Constitution of Vermont 417 



on the list the senate shall choose the vice-president; a quorum for 
the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of 
senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to 
a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of 
President shall be eligible to that of vice-president of the 
United States. 

The supreme executive power of the State shall be exercised by 
the governor, or, in case of his absence or disability, by the 
lieutenant-governor, who shall have all the powers and perform all 
the , duties vested in and enjoined upon the governor by the 
eleventh and twenty-seventh sections of the second chapter of the 
constitution, as at present established, excepting that he shall not 
sit as a judge in case of impeachment, nor grant reprieve or pardon 
in any such case. — Vt., 3 :8. 

The term of office of the governor, lieutenant-governor and 
treasurer of the State, respectively, shall commence when they shall 
be chosen and qualified, and shall continue for the term of two 
years, or until their successors shall be chosen and qualified, or to 
the adjournment of the session of the legislature at which, by the 
constitution and laws, their successors are required to be chosen, and 
not after such adjournment. — Vt., 3 '.24.. 

The supreme executive authority of this State shall consist of a 
governor, or, in his absence or disability, of a lieutenant-governor, 
chosen in the following manner: — The freemen of each town shall, 
on the day of election for choosing representatives to attend the 
General Assembly, bring in their votes for governor, with his name 
fairly written, to the constable, who shall seal them up, and write 
on them '^Foies for governor," and deliver them to the representa- 
tive chosen to attend the General Assembly. And at the opening 
of the General Assembly there shall be a committee appointed out 
of the assembly, who, after being duly sworn to the faithful dis- 
charge of their trust, shall proceed to receive, sort and count the 
votes for governor for the year ensuing. [And if there be no 
choice made, then the General Assembly, by their joint ballots, shall 
make choice of a governor.] The lieutenant-governor and treasurer 
shall be chosen in the manner above directed. — Vt., 2:10 and 3:8. 

Clause 4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the 
electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which 
day shall be the same throughout the United States. 

Clause 5. No person, except a natural born citizen, or a citizen 
of the United States at the time of the adoption of this constitution, 
shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person 
be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of 
thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the 
United States. 

No person shall be eligible to the office of governor or lieutenant- 
governor until he shall have resided in this State for four years 
next preceding the day of his election. — Vt, 2:30. 



41 8 Constitution of Vermont 



Clause 6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or 
of his death, resignation or inability to discharge the powers and 
duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice- 
president; and the Congress may by law provide for the case of 
removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the President and 
vice-president, declaring what officer shall then act as President; 
and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be re- 
moved, or a President shall be elected. 

The legislature shall provide, by general law, declaring what 
officer shall act as governor whenever there shall be a vacancy in 
both the offices of governor and lieutenant-governor, occasioned by 
a failure to elect, or by the removal from office, or by the death, 
resignation or inability of both governor and lieutenant-governor, to 
exercise the powers and discharge the duties of the office of 
governor; and such officer so designated shall exercise the powers 
and discharge the duties appertaining to the office of governor 
accordingly, until the disability shall be removed, or a governor 
shall be elected. — Vt., 3 :2i. 

Clause 7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his 
services a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor 
diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, 
and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument 
from the United States, or any of them. 

And if any officer shall wittingly and wilfully take greater fees 
than the law allows him, it shall ever after disqualify him for 
holding any office in this State, until he shall be restored by act of 
legislation. — Vt., 2:25. 

Clause 8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall 
take the following oath or affirmation: 

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute 
the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of 
my ability, preserve, protect and defend the constitution of the 
United States." 

Every officer, whether judicial, executive or militaxy, in authority 
under this State, before he enters upon the execution of his office, 
shall take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation of 
allegiance to this State (unless he shall produce evidence that he 
has before taken the same) ; and also the following oath or affirm- 
ation of office, except military officers and such as shall be exempted 
by the legislature: 

THE OATH OR AFFIRMATION OF ALLEGIANCE 

"You do solemnly swear (or affirm) that you will 

be true and faithful to the State of Vermont, and that you will not, 
directly or indirectly, do any act or thing injurious to the con- 



Constitution of Vermont 419 



stitution or government thereof, as established by convention. (If 
an oath), so help you God; (if an affirmation), under the pains 
and penalties of perjury." 

THE OATH OR AFFIRMATION OF OFFICE 

"You do solemnly swear (or affirm) that you will 

faithfully execute the office of for the of , 

and will therein do equal right and justice to all men, to the best 
of your judgment and abilities, according to law. (If an oath), 
so help you God; (if an affirmation), under the pains and penal- 
ties of perjury." — Vt., 2:29. See also Vt., 3:27. 

Sec. 2. Clause I. The President shall be commander-in-chief of 
the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the 
several States, when called into the actual service of the United 
States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal 
officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relat- 
ing to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall have power 
to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United 
States, except in cases of impeachments. 

The governor shall be captain-general and commander-in-chief 
of the forces of the State, but shall not command in person; and 
the lieutenant-governor shall, by virtue of his office, be lieutenant- 
general of all the forces of the State. — Vt., 2:11. 

While acting as governor the lieutenant-governor shall not com- 
mand the forces of the State in person, in time of war, or insur- 
rection, unless by the advice and consent of the senate; and no 
longer than they shall approve thereof. — Vt., 3 :8. 

Clause 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and con- 
sent of the senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the sen- 
ators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the 
advice and consent of the senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other 
public ministers and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and all 
other officers of the United States whose appointments are not here- 
in otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law. 
But the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior 
officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of 
law, or in the heads of departments. 

The governor, and in his absence the lieutenant-governor, shall 
have power to commission all officers, and also to appoint officers, 
except where provision is or shall be otherwise made by law, or 
this frame of government. — Vt., 2:11. 

Clause S- The President shall have power to fill up all vacan- 
cies that may happen during the recess of the senate, by granting 
commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. 



420 Constitution of Vermont 



The governor shall supply every vacancj' in any office, occasioned 
by death or otherwise, until the office can be filled in the manner 
directed by law or this constitution. — Vt., 2:11. 

Sec. 3. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress in- 
formation of the state of the Union, and recommend to their con- 
sideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; 
he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either 
of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to 
the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he 
shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public 
ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, 
and shall commission all the officers of the United States. 

The governor is to correspond with other States ; to transact 
business with officers of government, civil and military, and to pre- 
pare such business as may appear to them necessary to lay before 
the General Assembly; and shall have power to grant pardons, and 
remit fines in all cases whatsoever, except in treason and murder, 
in which he shall have power to grant reprieves, but not to pardon, 
until after the end of the next session of assembly ; and except in 
cases of impeachment, in which there shall be no remission or 
mitigation of punishment but by act of legislation ; he is to expedite 
the execution of such measures as may be resolved upon by the 
General Assembly. — Vt., 2:11. 

In case of disagreement between the two houses with respect to 
adjournment, the governor may adjourn them to such time as he 
shall think proper. — Vt., 3 13. 

Sec. 4. The President, vice-president and all civil officers of the 
United States shall be removed from office on impeachment for and 
conviction of treason, bribery or other high crimes and misde- 
meanors. 

Every officer of State, whether judicial or executive, shall be 
liable to be impeached by the General Assembly, either when in 
office or after his resignation, or removal for mal-administration. — 
Vt., 2:24. 

ARTICLE III 

the judicial power 

Sec. I. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested 
in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress 
may, from time to time, order and establish. The judges, both of 
the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good 
behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a 
compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continu- 
ance in office. 



Constitution of Vermont 421 



Courts of justice shall be maintained in every county in this 
State, and also in new counties when formed, which courts shall be 
open for the trial of all causes proper for their cognizance, and 
justice shall be therein impartially administered, without corruption 
or unnecessary delay. The judges of the supreme court shall be 
justices of the peace throughout the State, and the several judges 
of the county courts in their respective counties, by virtue of their 
oSce, except in the trial of such causes as may be appealed to the 
county court. — Vt., 2 :4. 

The General Assembly may elect judges of the supreme court. — 
Vt, 2:9. 

The judges of the supreme court shall be elected biennially, and 
their term of office shall be two years. — Vt., 3 -.2$. 

The assistant judges of the county court shall be elected by the 
freem.en of their respective counties. — Vt., 3 :i4. 

Judges of probate shall be elected by the freemen of their respec- 
tive probate districts. — Vt., 3 iiy. 

Justices of the peace shall be elected by the freemen of their 
respective towns; and towns having less than one thousand in- 
habitants may elect any number of justices of the peace not ex- 
ceeding five; towns having one thousand and less than two thou- 
sand inhabitants may elect seven; towns having two thousand and 
less than three thousand inhabitants may elect ten; towns having 
three thousand and less than five thousand inhabitants may elect 
tivelve; and tovpns having five thousand or more inhabitants may 
elect fifteen justices of the peace. — Vt, 3:18. 

Sec. 2. Clause I. The judicial power shall extend to all cases 
in law and equity arising under this constitution, the laws of the 
United States and treaties made, or which shall be made, under 
their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public 
ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime juris- 
diction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; 
to controversies between two or more States, between a State and 
citizens of another State; between citizens of different States, be- 
tween citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of 
different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and 
foreign states, citizens or subjects. 

Clause 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public min- 
isters and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the 
supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases 
before mentioned the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, 
both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regu- 
lations as the Congress shall make. 

Clause 3. The trial of all crim.es, except in cases of impeach- 
ment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the State 



422 Constitution of Vermont 



where the said crime shall have been committed, but when not com- 
mitted within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as 
the Congress may, by law, have directed. 

In all prosecutions for criminal offenses a person hath a right to 
a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the country, with- 
out the unanimous consent of which jury he cannot be found guilty. 
— Vt., I :io. 

That no person shall be liable to be transported out of this State 
for trial for any offense committed within the same. — Vt., 1:21. 

Sec. 3. Clause l. Treason against the United States shall con- 
sist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their 
enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be con- 
victed of treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the 
same overt act, or on confession in open court. 

Clause 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punish- 
ment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption 
of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV 

miscellaneous provisions 

Sec. I. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the 
public acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other State. 
And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in 
which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the 
effect thereof. 

Sec. 2. Clause I. The citizens of each State shall be entitled 
to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 

Clause 2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony or 
other crime, who shall flee from justice and be found in another 
State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State 
from which he fled, be delivered up to be removed to the State 
having jurisdiction of the crime. 

Clause 3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under 
the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any 
law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, 
but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such ser- 
vice or labor may be due. 

Sec. 3. Clause I. New States may be admitted by the Congress 
into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within 
the jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the 



Constitution of Vermont 423 



junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the con- 
sent of the legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the 
Congress. 

Clause 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and 
make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or 
other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this 
constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the 
United States, or of any particular State. 

Sec. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this 
Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of 
them against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of 
the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened), against 
domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V 
modes of amending the constitution 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it 
necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution; or, on the 
application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, 
shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which in either 
case shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of this con- 
stitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the 
several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one 
or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; 
provided, that no amendments which may be made prior to the year 
one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the 
first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and 
that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal 
suffrage in the senate. 

At the session of the General Assembly of this State, A.D. 1880, 
and at the session thereof every tenth year thereafter, the senate 
may, by a vote of two-thirds of its members, make proposals of 
amendment to the constitution of the State, which proposals of 
amendment, if concurred in by a majority of the members of the 
house of representatives, shall be entered on the journals of the two 
houses and referred to the General Assembly then chosen, and be 
published in the principal newspapers of the State; and if a majority 
of the members of the senate and of the house of representatives of 
the next following General Assembly shall respectively concur in 
the same proposals of amendment, or any of them, it shall 
be the duty of the General Assembly to submit the pro- 
posals of amendment so concurred in to a direct vote of the free- 



424 Constitution of Vermont 



men of the State; and such of said proposals of amendment as shall 
receive a majority of the votes of the freemen voting thereon, shall 
become a part of the constitution of this State. 

The General Assembly shall direct the manner of voting by the 
people upon the proposed amendments, and enact all such laws as 
sh'll be necessary to procure a free and fair vote upon each amend- 
ment proposed, and to carry into effect all the provisions of the pre- 
ceding section. — Vt., 3 '.2$. 

ARTICLE VI 

miscellaneous provisions 

Clause I. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, 
before the adoption of this constitution, shall be as valid against the 
United States under this constitution as under the confederation. 

Clause 2. This constitution and the laws of the United States, 
which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made 
or which shall be made under the authority of the United States, 
shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every State 
shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any 
State to the contrary notwithstanding. 

Clause 3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and 
the members of the several State legislatures, and all executive and 
judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, 
shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this constitution ; 
but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any 
office or public trust under the United States. 

No man can be justly deprived or abridged of any civil right, as 
a citizen, on account of his religious sentiments or peculiar mode of 
religious worship ; and no authority can, or ought to be, vested in, 
or assumed by, any power whatever, that shall in any case interfere 
with, or in any manner control, the rights of conscience in the free 
exercise of religious worship. — Vt., i :3. 

ARTICLE VII 

The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient 
for the establishment of this constitution between the States so ratify- 
ing the same. 



ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO AND AMEND- 
MENT OF THE CONSTITUTION 



ARTICLE I 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of re- 
ligion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the 



Constitution of Vermont 425 



freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peac- 
ably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of 
grievances. 

That the people have a right to freedom of speech, and of writing 
and publishing their sentiments, concerning the transactions of gov- 
ernment, and therefore the freedom of the press ought not to be 
restrained. — Vt., 1:13. 

That the people have a right to assemble together to consult for 
their common good ; to instruct their representatives ; and to apply to 
the legislature for redress of grievances, by address, petition or 
remonstrance. — Vt., i :2o. , 

ARTICLE II 

A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free 
State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be 
infringed. 

That the people have a right to bear arms for the defense of 
themselves and the State; and as standing armies in times of peace 
are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be kept up ; and that the 
militia should be kept under strict subordination to, and be gov- 
erned by, the civil power. — Vt., 1:16. 

ARTICLE III 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, 
without the consent of the owner; nor, in time of war, but in a 
manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IV 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, 
papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall 
not be violated; and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable 
cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing 
the place to be searched, and the person or things to be seized. 

That the people have a right to hold themselves, their houses, 
papers and possessions free from search or seizure, and therefore 
warrants without oath or affirmation first made, affording sufficient 
foundation for them, and whereby any officer or messenger may be 
commanded or required to search suspected places, or to seize any 
person or persons, his, her or their property, not particularly 
described, are contrary to that right, and ought not to be granted. — 
Vt., 1:1 1. 

ARTICLE V 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise in- 
famous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment by a grand 



425 CONSTITUTIOX OF VERMONT 



jurj', except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the 
militia when in actual service, in time of war or public danger; 
nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put 
in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal 
case, to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, 
liberty or property without due process of law; nor shall private 
property be taken for public use without just compensation. 

That all men are born equally free and independent, and have 
certain natural, inherent and inalienable rights, among which are 
the enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing 
and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and 
safety. — Vt., i :i. 

That private property ought to be subservient to public uses when 
necessity requires it; nevertheless, whenever any person's property 
is taken for the use of the public, the owner ought to receive an 
equivalent in money. — Vt., i :2. 

Every person within this State ought to find a certain remedy by 
having recourse to the laws, for all injuries or wrongs which he 
may receive in his person, property or character; he ought to obtain 
right and justice freely, and ivit/iout being obliged to purchase it; 
completely and without any denial; promptly and without delay, 
conformably to the laws. — Vt., 1:4. 

ARTICLE VI 

In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a 
speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the State and district 
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall 
have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the 
nature and cause of the accusation, to be confronted with the wit- 
nesses against him, to have compulsory process for obtaining wit- 
nesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his 
defense. 

ARTICLE VII 

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall ex- 
ceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, 
and no fact, tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any 
court of the United States, tV^an according to the rules of the com- 
mon law. 

Trials of issues proper for the cognizance of a jury, in the 
supreme and county courts, shall be by jury, except where parties 
otherwise agree ; and great care ought to be taken to prevent cor- 
ruption or partiality in the choice and return or appointment of 
juries. — Vt., 2:31. 



Constitution of Vermont 427 



ARTICLE VIII 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, 
nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

The person of a debtor, where there is not strong presumption of 
fraud, shall not be continued in prison after delivering up and 
assigning over, bona fide, all his estate, real and personal, in pos- 
session, reversion or remainder, for the use of his creditors, in such 
manner as shall be hereafter regulated by law. And all prisoners, 
unless in execution or committed for capital offenses, when the proof 
is evident or presumption great, shall be bailable, by sufficient sure- 
ties; nor shall excessive bail be exacted for bailable offenses. — Vt., 

2:33- 

To deter more effectually from the commission of crimes, by con- 
tinual visible punishments of long duration, and to make sanguinary 
punishments less necessary, means ought to be provided for punish- 
ing by hard labor those who shall be convicted of crimes not 
capital, whereby the criminal shall be employed for the benefit of 
the public or for the reparation of injuries done to private persons; 
and all persons, at proper times, ought to be permitted to see them 
at their labor. — Vt., 2:37. 

ARTICLE IX 

The enumeration in the constitution of certain rights shall not 
be construed to deny or disparage others, retained by the people. 

That the people of this State, by their legal representatives, have 
the sole, inherent and exclusive right of governing and regulating 
the internal police of the same. — Vt., i :5. 

ARTICLE X 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the constitution, 
nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States, 
respectively, or to the people. 

[The first ten articles of amendment were adopted in 1791.] 

ARTICLE XI 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to 
extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against 
one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens 
or subjects of any foreign State. [Adopted, 1798.] 

ARTICLE XII 

See Article II, Section i, Clause 3, of Constitution, page 416. 
[Adopted 1804.] 



428 Constitution of Vermont 

ARTICLE XIII 

Sec. I. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a 
punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly con- 
victed, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to 
their jurisdiction. 

No male person, born in this country, or brought from over sea, 
ought to be holden by law to serve any person as a servant, slave or 
apprentice, after he arrives to the age of twenty-one years, nor 
female, in like manner, after she arrives to the age of eighteen 
years, unless they are bound by their own consent, after they arrive 
to such age, or bound by law for the payment of debts, 
damages, fines, costs, or the like. — Vt., i :i. 

Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by 
appropriate legislation. [Adopted, 1865.] 

ARTICLE XIV 

Sec. I. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and 
subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States 
and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or en- 
force any laws which shall abridge the privileges or 
immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall 
any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property without 
due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction 
the equal protection of the laws. 

No person who is not already a freeman of this State shall be 
entitled to exercise the privileges of a freeman, unless he be a 
natural born citizen of this or some one of the United States, or 
until he shall have been naturalized, agreeably to the acts of Con- 
gress. — Vt., 3 :i. 

Sec. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several 
States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole 
number of persons in each state excluding Indians not taxed; but 
when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for 
President and vice-president of the United States, representatives in 
Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the mem- 
bers of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male in- 
habitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age and citizens 
of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participa- 
tion in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein 
shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male 
citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one 
years of age in said State. 



Constitution of Vermont 429 



Sec. 3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Con- 
gress, or elector of President and vice-president, or hold any office, 
civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, 
having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an 
officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, 
or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the 
constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrec- 
tion or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the 
enemies thereof; but Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each 
house, remove such disabilities. 

Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, 
authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pen- 
sions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or 
rebellion, shall not be questioned ; but neither the United States nor 
any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid 
of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim 
for the loss or emancipation of any slave, but all such debts, 
obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. 

Sec. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appro- 
priate legislation, the provisions of this article. [Adopted, 1868.] 

ARTICLE XV 

Sec. I. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall 
not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on 
account of race, color or previous condition of servitude. 

Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by 
appropriate legislation. [Adopted, 1870.] 




St. Albans Bay, Lake Champlain 
(28) 



THE VERMONT STATE FLOWER 




Laws of 1894. An Act to Select a State Flower. 
Section i. The State Flower of Vermont shall be the Red Clover. 
Approved November 9, 1894. 



" Like a leaf of beaten gold, 
Tremulous to breathing air, 
Lies the ruddy clover field, 

Yielding odors rich and rare." 

— V. G. Maxham 



INDEX TO GEOGRAPHY 



Academies 

Acreage 

Animals, domestic 

Animals, wild 

Asbestos 

Bakersfield 

Barre 

Barton 

Bellows Falls 

Bennington 

Benson . 

Bethel . 

Birds 

Boundaries 

Bradford 

Brandon 

Brattleboro 

Bristol 

Burlington 

Castleton 

Cement 

Champlain, Lake 

Chelsea 

Chester 

Churches 

Clay 

Clyde River 

Colleges 

Concord 

Connecticut River 

Copper . 

Dairying 

Derby 

East Dorset 

Electric roads 

Enosburg Falls 

Essex Junction 

Fairfax 

Fairhaven 

Fish 

Forests . 

Fruit 

Gold 

Gorges . 



Page 

88 Grain 

45 Grandview 

47 Granite . 

48 Granitic Mountains 
52 Green Mountains 
67 Guildhall 
77 Hall's stream 
(>^ Hardwick 

64 Hartford 
73 Highest peaks 
73 Highgate 
75 Highways 
48 Hudson canal 

13, 21 Hudson River 

65 Hyde Park 
71 Iron 

63 Island Pond . 

71 Johnson 

69 Killington Peak 

73 Lakes 
52 Lead 

21, 24 Leicester Junction 

75 Libraries 

74 Limestone 
89 Location 
52 Ludlow 
24 Lyndon 
88 Mails 

66 Manchester 
21, 23 Mansfield, Mt. 

51 Maple sugar . 

45, 68 Marble 

67 Memphremagog, Lake 
73 Middlebury 
38 Missisquoi River 

67 Montpelier 

68 Morristown 
68 Newbury 
73 Newfane 
49 Newport 
47 Newspapers 
47 Northfield 
51 North Hero . 
27 North Troy . 



Page 
46 
17 
57 
17 
15 
66 
24 

77 
64 

15 

68 

39 
35 
22, 24 
76 
51 

76 
16 

27 
52 
71 
88 
60 
13 
75 
(>(, 

89 
73 
16 

47 
54 
21, 24 

71 
24 

77 
76 

65 
74 
67 
89 
76 
68 
67 



432 



Geography of Vermont 





Page 






Page 


Otter creek 


24 


South Royal ton 




75 


Parallel ranges 


16 


Springfield 




64 


Pittsford 


71 


St Albans 




68 


Political divisions, etc. 6i, 80 


St. Johnsbury . 




65 


Poultney 


73 


Swanton 




68 


Pownal 


74 


Taconic Mountains 


17 


Proctor 


72 


Talc 




52 


Questions 


32, 40 


Telegraph and 


telephone 


89 


Railroads 


35 


Temperature . 




43 


Rainfall 


43 


Valleys . 




18 


Randolph 


75 


Vergennes 




71 


Readsboro 


74 


Vernon . 




63 


Red Sandrock Mou 


titains 17 


Wallingford . 




72 


Resorts . 


30, 79 


Wallis pond 




21 


Richford 


67 


Waterburv 




76 


Richmond 


68 


Waterfalls 




25 


Rivers 


23 


Watersheds 




17 


Rockingham . 


64 


Waterway 




35 


Rutland 


72 


Wells River . 




65 


Ryegate 


6s 


Westminster . 




63 


Saxtons River 


64 


White River Junction 


64 


Schools . 


87 


Wilder . . 




64 


Settlement, first 


63 


Willoughby La 


ke '. 


29 


Shaftsbury 


73 


Wilmington 




74 


Slate 


59 


Winds 




43 


Snow 


44 


Windsor 




64 


Soapstone 


52 


Winooski 




68 


South Londonderry 


74 


Woodstock 




75 




The Billings Library, ^^ivt■^^it\ nl \ (.iiikjiu 



INDEX TO HISTORY 



Action of the U. S. . 

Action, final, of Vermont . 

Albany Convention 

Annexation, some results of 

Anti-Slavery 

Anti-Slavery vote 

Appeal to Congress . 

Attitude of the people 

Beginnings made 

Bennington, settlement of . 

Bennington battle 

Boundaries of New Hampshire 

Business enterprises 

Campaign of 1777 

Campaign of 1812 

Canada, invasion of . 

Changes in the Constitution 

Changes, industrial 

Church and State 

Churches 

Churchills, the 

City and country 

Claims of the New York Party 

Claims of the settlers . 

Claim, the Southern . 

Clark, Admiral . 

Clark, Colonel . . 

College, Middlebury 

Colleges of Vermont 

Commerce, as to . 

Congress resolves 

Contest, parties to 

Contraband of war . 

Convention at Albany 

Convention at Bennington 

Convention at Manchester 

Convention at Windsor 

Conventions at Dorset 

Conventions at Westminster 

Conventions, constitutional 

Counties 

Course of trade, the . 

Debt, imprisonment for 

Declaration of Independence, Vermont's 



196, 



Page 

193 
193 
130 
189 
235 
245 
187 
148 
203 
137 
164 
124 

234 
160 
222 
158 
264 
264 
196 
206, 240 
171 
265 
141 
142 
246 
261 
224 
271 

273 
228 
189 
187 
250 
130 
141 
178 
182 
178, 179 



180 
184 



147. 



179. 
183, 
[95, 219. 263 
229 
241 

i8i 



434 



History of Vermont 



Deeifield, raid against 

Derby 

Development 

Dewey, Admiral 

Dress 

Duke of Kent, the 

Education 

Electoral votes . 

English and French, positions and aims 

Expedition against the Mohawks 

Expedition, hrst English 

Expedition, Rogers 

Experiments 

Exploration, first 

Exploring parties 

Farm machinery 

Fleet ready, American 

Fort Dummer 

Fort Dummer, settlements near 

Fort St. Anne 

Forts and settlements, temporary 

Fort Sumter 

French and Indian Wars , 

Green Mountain Boys, the 

Guaranty, Vermont seeks a 

Hardships 

Hubbardton 

Huntington Fund 

Imprisonment for debt 

Indians, the 

Industrial School 

Johnson captivity 

Jurisdiction, changed 

Kindness to strangers 

Knox, Timothy . 

Lafayette, General, visit of 

Lake Champlain, on . 

Lake Champlain, Americans possess 

Lake Champlain, at the head of 

Land forces gather 

Legislature, the 

Lines, the main 

Local manufactures 

Lotteries 

Lyon, Matthew 

Mails 

Matches 

Middlebury College 

Military operations, other 

Military road, a 



Page 
ii8 

224 

187 
260 
201 
20I 

196, 207, 238, 265, 273 
218 
130 

"5 
118 

134 
198 

"3 
122 
241 

225 
21, 127 
125 
114 
123 
248 
27. 131 
143 
192 
99. 209 
161 
268 
241 
114 
268 

131 
140 
209 

139 
240 

59, 223 
157 
163 
225 

94, 212 
250 

233 
210 
202 
212 
241 
271 
169 
131 



Index 



435 



Muster, the 

National Idea, growth of 

Newbury, settlement of 

New administration, the 

New Englanders, the 

New Government organized 

New Hampshire Grants 

News 

New York anxious 

New York appeals to Cong 

Niagara frontier, on the 

Normal schools 

Northern towns, the . 

North, the purpose of 

Norwich University . 

No slavery 

Obstacles 

Other early births 

Otter Creek, at the mouth of 

Otter Creek Falls, at 

Our work so far 

Parties, political 

Plattsburg saved 

People, attitude of the 

Political 

Population of Vermont 

President's call, the . 

Progress 

Punishments 

Regiment, a continental 

Regiment, first 

(See also Muster (251' 
Regiment, Warner's first 
Railroads 
Religious activity 
Representation 
Resistance overcome 
Rewards offered 
Roads 

Rogers expedition 
Royalton burned 
St. Albans raid . 
St. Clair and Warner 
Schenectady, raid against 
Scouting parties 
Secession 

Senate introduced, the 
Service, the 
Settlement, the first . 
Sheriff Ten Evck 



and Service (253) 



94, 209, 220, 



Page 
251 
245 
138 
247 
164 
184 
140 
140 
191 
190 
224 
268 
221 
246 
272 
215 
188 
133 
224 
lAC 
217 
217 
226 
148 
222 
263 
248 
205 
213 

248 

157 
242 
265 
263 
190 
145 
195 
134 
174 
258 
162 
117 
128 
246 
219 
253 
121 
144 



436 



History of Vermont 



South aroused, the 

Stark, General . 

State Prison 

Steamboats 

Temperance reform 

Ticonderoga 

Town governments 

Travel 

Turnpikes 

Twentieth centur}', opening of tl 

United States, action of 

University of Vermont 

Vermont aroused 

Vermont content 

Vermont in 1749 

Vermont in 1760 

Vermont responds 

Vermont seeks a guaranty 

Vermont's contribution 

War of 1812 

War of 1812 ended 

Washington sent to the Ohio 

Westminster massacre 



220, 



Page 
249 
164 

213 
228 

234 

153 
176 
230 
211 
274 
193 
270 
249 
190 
129 
136 
192 
192 
275 
232 
228 
130 
149 







It is a tradition that the original seal of Vermont was carved on' 
ox horn by an English officer, and it is authenticated that the first 
seal for use was cut in steel, perhaps with this as a pattern, by 
Reuben Dean, a silversmith and machinist of Windsor, formerly of 
Connecticut. He lived in Dover from 1796 to 1813, and was town 
clerk. He served as delegate to the constitutional convention in 1814. 
His shop was in his house at Windsor, and his handicraft extended 
to all sorts of work in metals. A stone now marks his burial place 
in the old church yard. 



INDEX TO CIVIL GOVERNMENT 



Adjutant and Inspector General 

Agent; town 

Agriculture, Board of 

Ambassador, etc.. 

Articles of confederation 

Asylum, Trustees of the State 

Amendments 

Attorney-General 

Auditor, county 

Auditor of Accounts . 

Auditors, town . 

Australian system 

Ballots .... 

Bank Examiner 

Beginnings of government 

Bills .... 

Cabinet .... 

Cattle Commissioners 

Caucuses .... 

Chancery, Court of . 

Circuit Courts . 

Citizenship, rights and duties of 

City, powers and duties of . 

City, the . 

Civil Authority, Board of . 

Claims, Court of, Vermont 

Claims, Court of, United States 

Clerk, county 

Clerk, town 

Committees, legislative 

Committees, reports of 

Congress 

Constable 

Constitution, a . 

Constitution of the United States 

Constitution of the United States, amendment 

Constitution of the United States, analysis 

Constitution of the United States, formation 

Constitution of Vermont 

Continental Congress 

Conventions 

County appointments 

County courts 

County officials, duties of 



379, 



327, 



336 
317 

337 
361 

353 
337 
364 
327 
328 

327 
317 
325 
325 

337 
355 
333 
360 

339 
322 

341 
362 

344 
320 

319 

315 
341 
363 
328 

315 
360 
306 

357 
316 
306 
405 

364 
366 

354 
405 

352 
322 
326 
340 
327 



438 



Civil Government of Vermont 



Page 


Court of Vermont ........ 340 


Courts of the United States 






362 


Dental Examiners .... 






339 


Departments of government 






330 


Departments of government, United States 






356 


Disposition of a proposition 






3" 


District Courts .... 






362, 363 


Election of Congressmen . 






358 


Election of House and Senate officers . 






3S9 


Election of Senators .... 






334. 359 


Examiner of teachers, county 






329, 339 


Executive department 






360 


Exemptions ..... 






357 


Expiration of office .... 






338 


Facsimiles ..... 






370-375 


Fish and Game Commissioner . 






338 


Forest . Commissioner 






337 


Freeman, etc., definition 






317 


Freeman's oath ..... 






298 


Freemen's meeting .... 






324 


Freemen's meeting, officers voted for • 






326 


General Assembly . . . . 






331 


General elections .... 






324, 326 


Geologist, State .... 






337 


Government ..... 






J05, 321, 348 


Government of the United States 






349 


Government, roots of . . . 






351 


Governor and Lieutenant-Governor . 






330 


Grand Jurors, town .... 






316 


Health, Board of ... . 






337 


High Bailiff 






328 


Highway Commissioner 






336 


Incorporated villages 






319 


Insane, Supervisors of . . . 






337 


Instructions to voters, facsimile . 






372 


Insurance Commissioners . 






327 


Introductory note .... 






297 


Judge Advocate General . 






336 


Judges, assistant .... 






327 


Judges of Probate .... 






328 


Judges of Supreme Court . 






340 


Judges, Superior .... 






341 


Judiciary Department 






362 


Juries, grand ..... 






342 


Juries, how chosen . 






342, 363 


Juries, Justice Court .... 






342, 343 


Juries, petit ..... 






342 


Justice ballot, facsimile 






374 


Justice courts ..... 






341, 342 


Justice of the Peace, duties of . 






. 328 



Index 



439 



Justice of the Peace, election of 

Legislative Department, State 

Legislative Department, United States 

Letter from George Washington 

Library Commissioners 

Listers .... 

Majority, etc., definition of 

Mayor, the 

Medical Registration, Board of 

Moderator 

Motions, kinds of 

Motions, putting of . 

Municipal Courts 

National ballot, facsimile . 

Naturalization . 

Nomination of State officers 

OflFenses vs. purity of elections, facsimile of notice 

Normal School Commissioners 

Officers appointed by the Governor 

Officers appointed by Governor, confirmed by Senate 

Officers elected by General Assembly. 

Officers, town 

Organization, method of 

Organization of society 

Osteopathic Examination, etc., Board of 

Overseer of the Poor . 

Parliamentary rules 

Pay of town officers . 

Penal Institutions, Board of 

Pharmacy, Board of . 

Political parties 

Posting of laws, etc. . 

President 

Presidential elections 

Presiding officer 

Principles of conduct 

Probate Court 

Probation officer 

Public Printing, Commissioner of 

Purity of elections, facsimile of 

Quartermaster-General 

Quorum .... 

Railroad Commissioners 

Ratification 

Reports of State officers 

Representative ballot, facsimile 

Representatives, assignment of 

Representatives at large 

Representatives, election of 



Page 

323 
331 
357 
378 
339 
317 
309 
319 

339 
315 
3" 
310 

341 
374 
318 
322 
370 
339 
338 
336 
335 
315 
307 
305 
339 
316 

309 
315 
338 
339 
321 

325 
360, 361 

323, 329 
307 

298, 305 

328, 341 
329 
338 
370 
336 

308, 358 

337 
355 
326 

373 
358 
359 
322 



440 



Civil Government of Vermont 



Representatives, House of . 

Salaries of United States officers 

School directors 

Schools, support of 

School virtues 

Secretary of State 

Selectmen 

Senate 

Senators, United States 

Sergeant-at-Arms 

Sheriff 

Slaves, status of 

Special powers of each house 

Special powers of each house, national 

Special town meetings 

State officers' ballot, facsimile 

State officials, duties of 

State's Attorney 

Superintendent of Education 

Superintendents, town 

Superior judges 

Supreme Court of Vermont 

Supreme Court of the United Stages 

Taxation 

Taxes, Commissioner of State 

Tax notice 

Territorial courts 

Town and city elections 

Town meetings, special 

Town officers, election and duti 

Town, powers and duties 

Treasurer, town 

Treasurer, county 

Treasurer, State 

Tuberculosis Commissioners 

Union of States 

Virtues to be cultivated 

Volters, qualifications of 

Voting, methods of 

Ward system 

Warning for city election, facsimile 

Warning for freemeq's meeting, facsimile 

Warning for presidential election 

Warning for special meeting 

Warning for town meeting 

Warning of elections 



Page 

332 

357, 362 

317 

345 
300 

327 
316 

331 
335 
335 
328 

355 
331, 332 
359i 360 
31S 
375 
326 
328 

135, 339 
317 

340, 341 
340 
362 
345 
337 
373 
363 

314, 319 
315 
315 
313 
316 
328 

326, 327 
339 
355 
303 

517. 324 
308 
319 
370 
371 
371 
371 
373 
325 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



Page 

Act of Admission . . 204 
Allen, capture of Ticon- 

deroga . . . 156 

Allen, home . . 144 

Allen, memorial tower 155 

Allen, statue . . 153 

American, first . . 113 
Arsenal building, Vergennes 70 
Ascutney mountain . 18, 57 

Athens, soap-stone . 53 
Bakersfield, Brigham 

Academy ... 67 

Barnard, Silver Lake . 42 

Barre, Goddard Seminary 77 

Barre, granite shed 58 

Barstow, John L. . 289 

Barton, Crystal Lake 34 

Bell, Charles J. . . 290 

Bellows Falls . . 19 

Bellows Free Academy . 83 
Bennington — 

battle, plan . . 169 

battle, last survivors 166 
battle monument 168, 170 
catamount tavern 

memorial . . 167 

center, old . . 144 

first meeting-house . 206 

school . 85 

plan . . 177 

Soldiers' Home . 257 

Bethel .... 59 

Bill of Credit . . 135 

Billings Library . . 432 

Black River . . 23 

Bolton Falls dam . 25 

Bradford Academy . 266 

Bradford, Clark birthplace 261 

Brandon, falls . . 69 

Brattleboro — 

school ... 84 

stamp . . 243 

Sergeant tombstone 133 

Bridgeman fort . . 129 



Page 

Bridport, plan . 62 

Brigham Academy . 67 

Brigham, Paul . . 283 

Burgoyne's kettle . . 170 
Burlington — 

Bay ... 69 

Allen tower . 155 

Billings Library . 432 

High School . 267 

University of Vt. 86, 198 

Burr and Burton Seminary 74 

Butler, Ezra . . 284 

Canal boat . . . 331 

Carver's Falls . 26 

Castleton Normal School 87 

Castleton River . . 26 

Catamount Tavern memorial 167 

Cavendish, Johnson stones 132 

Cents of 1776 and 1785 191 

Chair, old-fashioned . 139 

Champlain monument . 113 

Champlain, Samuel de . 115 

Chittenden, Martin . 284 

Chittenden, Thomas . 283 

Clarendon, Harrington 

monument . 216 

Clarendon Springs . 62 

Clark, Adm., birthplace 261 

Coach, old . . 151 

Collamer, Jacob . . 293 

Colonial costumes . 131 

Connecticut River 19, 21, 203 

Constitution House . 184 
Constitution of Vermont, 

title page . 186 

Converse, Julius . 288 

Coolidge, Carlos . . 285 

Copper mines . - 53 

Corn crusher . . 139 
Court House — 

Westminster 149, 150 

Woodstock . . 145 

Crafts, Samuel C. . 284 

Crystal Lake . • 34 



442 



CoNANT^s Vermont 



Danby, road building 

Danville — 
library . 
Phillips Academy 
West, Joe's Pond 

Dewey, George 

Dillingham, Paul 

Dillingham, W. P. 

Dorr, Julia C. R. 

Drill, high school 

Ducking stool 

Dummer, Fort 

Duxbury, North 

Eagle, American 

Eagle camp beach 

Eastman, Charles G. 

Eaton, Horace 

Edmunds, George F. 

Edmunds high school 

Election, first 

Equinox mountain 

Fairbanks, Erastus 

Fairbanks, Horace 

Fairfax, Bellows Free 
Academy . 

Fairhaven, falls 

Fairhaven, school . 

Fairlee, Lake Morey 

Farnham, Roswell 

Fenian raid . 

Flag, American 130, 

Flag, Vermont 

Fletcher, Ryland . 

Foot, Solomon 

Fourteen mile drive 

Franklin, school 

French and Indfan War 
battle 

French, Wm., tombstone 

Fuller, Levi K. 

Galusha, Jonas 

Garrison house 

Gettysburg monuments ; 

Goddard Seminary 

Gookins Falls 

Gordon's landing 

Governors 

Granite quarry 

Granite sheds 

Granite team 



Page 

38 Green Mountains . 

Greensboro, Caspian Lake 

88 Grout, Josiah 

239 Hall, HJland 

29 Hardwick, granite shed 

260 Harrington monument 

287 Hartford monument 
289 Hathawaj-'s Point . 
276 Hazen Road marker 
300 Hendee, George W. 
215 Holbrook, Frederick 
122 Horn-book 

24 Horse-shoe, old 

262 Houses, early 

22 Hubbardton battle, plan 

276 Hubbardton monument 

285 Indian 
293 Indians — 
267 belt 
296 burning house 

14 chief 

286 fights 114, 

288 hunting . 
implements 125, 127, 

83 ■ 135, 137. 

26 outbreak 
85 road 
31 trading . 

288 treaty 
2';8 war dance 

153, 262 wigwams 

281 Iroquois, fights with 

286 Isle La Motte, site of fort 

293 Jennison, Silas H. . 

31 Joe's Pond 

300 Johnson, Lamoille . 

Johnson Normal School 

116 Johnson stones 

151 Kettles, old . 

289 Killington 
283 Lake Beebe . 
138 Lake Bomoseen 

52, 255 Lake Caspian 

77 Lake Champlain 22, 37, 

27 Lake Dunmore 
37 Lake Echo 

283-291 Lake Hortonia 

56 Lake Memphremagog 

<;8 Lake Morey . 

59 Lake St. Catherine 



1 20, 



14 

30 

290 

286 

S8 

2l6 

256 

13 
171 
287 
287 
301 
233 
138 
162 
163 
"3 

142 
117 
121 
116 
120 
128 
210 
119 



121 

136 
u8 

134 
114 
123 
285 
29 
24 

87 

132 

212 

16 

31 

39 

30 

69, 117 

49 

31 

31 

20 

31 
42 



List of Illustrations 



443 





Page 




Page 


Lake Willoughby . 


79 


Newbury — 




Lamoille River . 24, 


26 


plan 


313 


Leicester, Silver Lake . 


34 


Seminary 


208 


Library, Danville . 


88 


toll bridge 


2H 


Logging scenes 17, 


21 


Newport 


20 


Lyndon Institute 


216 


Normal schools 


87 


Manchester . 


75 


Northfield, school . 


266 


Burr and Burton 


74 


Norwich University 


77 


Mt. Equinox . 


14 


Ormsbee, E. J. 


289 


Soldiers' monument 


158 


Otter creek . 


185 


Mansfield 


15 


Otter creek falls 27 


28 


Maple sugar grove 


48 


Oven, old-fashioned 


148 


Marble mills 


55 


Page, Carroll S. . 


289 


Marble quarry 


54 


Page, John B. 


287 


Marsh, Joseph 


•330 


Paine, Charles 


285 


Mattocks, John 


285 


Palisade house 


ii8 


McCullough, J. G. 


290 


Palmer, William A. 


284 


Meeting house, first 


206 


Partridge, Alden . 


272 


Middlebury College 


86 


Pastures 


147 


Middlebury falls . 


28 


Peck, Asahel 


288 


Middlebury school 


376 


Philip, King . 


121 


Middletown Springs, school 


92 


Phillips Academy . 


239 


Minuet 


244 


Pico, Mt. 


17 


Minute man . 


225 


Pillory .... 


213 


Montpelier 


78 


Pingree, Samuel E. 


289 


Allen statue 


152 


Plough, old . 


233 


plan 


195 


Poultney — 




Seminary 


78 


East, building 


89 


State houses 324, 325, 


329 


slate quarry 


73 


Monuments — 




Troy Conference Ac- 




Allen 


152 


ademy 


377 


Bennington 168, 


170 


Proctor — 




Burgoyne 


164 


falls 


28 


Catamount Tavern . 


167 


mills 


55 


Champlain 


113 


school 


376 


Chittenden 


304 


Proctor, Fletcher D. 


291 


Gettysburg . 252, 


255 


Proctor, Redfield 


288 


Harrington 


216 


Punishments, early 207, 213, 


214 


Hartford 


256 


Puritan maid 


124 


Hubbardton 


163 


Quechee Gorge 


27 


Manchester 


158 


Randolph 


76 


Royalton 


175 


Randolph Normal School 


87 


Rutland 


173 


Road building 


•j8 


Story 


200 


Robinson, John S. . 


286 


Morey Lake . 


31 


Robinson, Moses . 


283 


Morrill, Justin S. . 


293 


Robinson, Rowland E. . 


278 


Morrisville, Lamoille 


26 


Rockingham, old church 


91 


Mt. Holly, train . 


36 


Royalton, burning 


172 


Neshobe River, falls 


69 


Royalton, monument 


175 



444 



Con ant's Vermont 





Page 




Page 


Royce, Stephen 


286 


Settlers, early 117, 119, 140, 


174 


Rutland — 




185, 202, 209, 


241 


Center . . 27, 


55 


Shrewsbury Pond . 


259 


Fort, site 


173 


Silver Lake, Barnard 


42 


old ... 


71 


Silver Lake, Leicester 


34 


scale works 


72 


Skinner, Richard . 


284 


State House 


242 


Slade, William 


285 


West, quarry . 


54 


Slate quarry, Poultney . 


73 


Samplers . 231, 


232 


Smith, E. C. 


290 


Saxe, John G. 


271 


Smith, Israel 


283 


Saxtons River, Vermont 




Smith, J. G. . 


287 


Academy . 


377 


Soap-stone quarry . 


53 


Scale works . . 65, 


72 


Soldiers' Home 


257 


Schoolmaster, old-fashioned 


197 


Spade, hand-made 


205 


School, old-fashioned 197, 


237 


Spinning . . 141, 


201 


Schools — 




Springfield 18, 23, 


63 


Bellows Free Academy 


83 


Springfield, school 


82 


Bennington 


85 


Springfield, Indian road 


18 


Bradford Academy 


266 


Stamp, Brattleboro 


243 


Brattleboro 


84 


Stamp, British 


143 


Brigham Academy . 




(>! 


Stark, General 


165 


Burlington 




267 


State Industrial School . 


70 


Burr and Burton 




74 


State House, Rutland . 


242 


Fairhaven 




85 


State Houses, Montpelier 


324 


Franklin 




300 


325, 


329 


Goddard Seminary 




77 


Steamboat, early . 


60 


Lyndon Institute 




2l6 


Stewart, John W. . 


288 


Middlebury 




376 


Stickney, William W. . 


290 


Middlebury College 


86 


Stocks 


213 


Middletown Springs 


92 


Story, monument . 


200 


Montpelier Seminary 


78 


St. Albans Bay . 


429 


Newbury Seminary 


208 


St. Albans depot . 


<?■; 


Normal 


87 


St. Albans plan 


68 


Northfield 


266 


St. Albans raid 


258 


Norwich University 


77 


St. Albans, school . 


208 


Phillips Academy . 


239 


St. Anne, Fort, site 


123 


Proctor . 


376 


St. Johnsbury Academy . 


66 


Springfield 


82 


St. Johnsbury, scale works 


65 


St. Albans 


208 


Strafford Falls 


445 


St. Johnsbury Academy 


66 


Sutherland Falls . 


28 


Troy Conference Ac- 




Tea-set, old . 


229 


ademy 


377 


Thanksgiving, first 


139 


University of Vt. 86, 


198 


Thetford, North 


203 


Vermont Academy 


377 


Thompson, Dana P. 


278 


Vermont Industrial 


TO 


Tichenor, Isaac 


283 


Wallingford 


90 


Ticonderoga, capture of 


156 


Waterbury 




90 


Ticonderoga, Fort . 


154 


Wilmington 




92 


Tithing-man 


196 


Woodstock 




84 


Toll bridge . 


211 


Sergeant stone 




133 


Transportation, early 


217 



List of Illustrations 



445 



Troy Conference Academy 
Underhill, Mt. Mansfield 
Van Ness, Cornelius P. . 
Vergennes, arsenal 
Vergennes, Industrial School 
Vermont — 

Academy 

seal 

State flower 

University of . 86, 

Vernon, Bridgeman Fort 
Vershire, copper mines . 
Wagons, old-fashioned 
Wallingford, school 
Washburn, Peter T. 
Waterbury, school 
Waterbury, Winooski 
Weather signals 
Weaving room 
Well sweep . 
Wentworth, Benning 



Page 

377 
15 

284 
70 
70 

377 
436 
430 
198 
129 

53 

196 

90 

287 

90 

25 

43 

233 

274 

125 



Westfield, Hazen marker 
Westminster — 

Court House 149, 

plan 

William French tomb- 
stone . 
White River Junction 
Wilcox Point 
Williams, Charles K. 
Williston, Chittenden 

monument . 
Wilmington, school 
Windsor 
Windsor, Constitution House 184 



Page 
171 

150 
180 

151 

64 

117 

286 

304 
92 

57 



Windsor plan 
Winooski River 
Winter scene 
Woodbury, Urban A. 
Woodstock Court House 
Woodstock, school . 
Woods school building . 



24, 



183 
25 

A4 

290 

145 

34 

267 




Old city falls, Strafford 



(29) 










o J 



TO ^ 
u o 




BENNINGTON BATTLE MONUMENT 



New Primary Historical Reader 



OF VERMONT 

Ex-Lt.-Gov. Geo. N. Dale wrote the publishers as follows when 
the first edition was announced: 

Island Pond, Vt., December 29th, 1894. 
THE TUTTLE COMPANY, Rutland, Vt. 

My Dear Sirs: 

,,ij^B||[l "Your attention has been 

attracted to one of the 
greatest educational wants of 
the State, viz.: a good local 
history for our primary 
schools. Children can be 

taught the significance of 
history in no other way as 
well as from events near by. 
The ingenious man who sup- 
plies present wants with a 
book which shall thus teach 
the uses of history, bring the 
scholar's own locality into 
prominence and make the 
subject comprehensible to the child, will be in the field without a 
competitor. Of course I have given the subject no thought as to 
formulating a theory of such a work and can say no more than has 
occurred to you already, vi.t. : Make it clear, plain, within the easy 
comprehension of the student, and so that each event or incident 
dealt with shall show a relation to the life and purposes of the 
StTtp * * ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ * ^ ^ ^ * In rc2^3rcl to 3 
history of each county: if you accompany each with a neat little 
county map, together with a sketch of its settlement, where the 
settlers came from, their character, habits, purposes, etc., it might 
add to its interest and usefulness. Of course each would, of neces- 
sity, be very brief, comprehensive, and pure in a literary point of 
view, so as to educate the literary taste as well as impart historical 
information." I remain, very sincerely yours, 

GEO. N. DALE. 




THE TWO VERMONT TEXT-BOOKS 



Conant's Vermont 
Revised by Mason S. Stone 



Vermont Historical Reader 




gfeg^Conant's Vermont you are familiar with. It is now revised 
by Mason S. Stone. VVe have prepared a new edition of the Ver- 
mont Historical Reader, fully revised, with new illustrations and 
additional chapters, bringing the book up to date. The book is 
especially prepared for Primary Schools, third grade, and for sup- 
plementary work; it is attractively bound, and will please the boys 
and girls of Vermont. The book should be seen and examined by 
every school Superintendent, school Director and Teacher. 

INTRODUCTION PRICES 

Conant's Vermont, regular $1.25 

Introduction price to schools i.oo 

Vermont Primary Historical Reader, regular. .60 
Introduction price to schools .45 

Correspondence Solicited 

THE TUTTLE CO., PUBLISHERS, Rutland, Vt. 



Conant^s Geography History 
and Civil Government 

of Vermont and Civics of the United States 

Revised by MASON S. STONE 

State Superintendent of Schools of Vermont. 

"Conant's Vernnont" consists 
of a geography, history, and 
civil government of the state 
ALL IN ONE BOOK. The 
publishers have issued a new 
edition of the book containing 
important changes and other 
new features. Principal Edward 
Conant, formerly of the Ran- 
dolph Normal School, the 
author, spared no pains to have 
it correct in every detail, and 
Mason S. Stone has added a 
new civil government treatise. 

In the historical part, Mr. 
Conant was assisted by State 
Librarian Hiram A. Huse of 
Montpelier, and other well 
known historians and educators 
of the state It is expected it 
will be used in every grammar 
and high school of the state. 
The work is printed from new 
type, in ten point, well leaded, 
and is profusely illustrated. 

Among the illustrations are pictures of the marble, granite, slate 
and soapstone quarries, portraits of every Governor of the state, 
Bennington Monument, Hubbardton Monument, Fort Dum.mer, Fort 
Ticonderoga, Burlington Harbor, Newport, State Normal Schools, 
State House, with views of various mountains, lakes and rivers of 
the state, and public buildings in several towns including many 
High Schools. Eight engraved maps were made especially for this 
work. 

This book meets a demand in our schools for a complete text-book 
on Vermont, and all Teachers and Educators welcome a state book 
so well adapted for all schools in the state, covering its History, 
Geography and Civil Government. The publishers have embodied 
many new features in the work and take pride in the same. The 
book is a 12-mo. size and contains 445 pages, handsomely and 
strongly bound in cloth. Every county receives attention, as regards 
its prominent features, and the book is as near perfect as possible on 
the subjects treated. This School History, Geography and Civil 
Government with Constitution of Vermont is the only one published 
in Vermont by Vermonters. 

Single copies, by mail, prepaid, $1.25. 

Special Price in quantities for school introduction. 

Correspond v''h 

THE TUTTLE COMPANY, :: Publu.iers, :: RUTLAND, VT. 




VERMONT SENATE AND HOUSE OF 
REPRESENTATIV^ES, 1904 
JOINT RKSOLUriON COMMENDINCi 
MASON S. STONE 
Whereas, there has been published a History, Geography 
and Civil Government of this State entitled "Vermont His- 
torical Reader, " and also Conant's Vermont," containing 
its Geography, History and Civil Go\ernment complete, 
which are attractive and accurate in compilation, as well as a 
valuable contribution to the history, geography and civil govern- 
ment literature of the State of \>rmont; and 

Whereas, the patriotic act of Mason S. Stone in revising, 
editing and publishing these Vermont text books merits the 
gratitude and thanks of the people of Vermont; 

Therefore Resolved, by the Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives, that we hereby express the thanks of the General 
Assembly of the Stare of Vermont to the compiler of these 
books for his able work; and 

Be it Further Resolved, that the Secretary of State make a 
certified copy of this resolution, which shall be transmitted to 
Mason S. Stone. 

John H. Mkrrifikld, Speaker of the House. 
Charles H. Stkarns, President of the Senate. 

STATE OE VERMONT 

OFFICF. OF THK SECRETARY OF STATE 

I hereby certify that the foregoing is a true 
copy of a joint resolution entitled "Joint 
Resolution Commending Mason S. Stone," 
as adopted by the (jeneral Assembly of the State of Vermont 
at its eighteenth biennial session, as appears 
by the files and records of this office. 

Witness my signature and the seal of this 
office at Montpelier, this JUth day of Nov- 
ember, one thousand nine hundred and four. 





By George L. Hunt, Deputy. 



Secretary of State. 



LAWS OF VERMONT 

(Copied) 

In every town there shall be kept for at least twenty-eight weeks 
in each year, at the expense of said town, by a teacher or teachers 
of competent ability and of good morals, a sufficient number of 
schools for the instruction of all the children who may legally 
attend all the public schools therein; and all pupils shall be thor- 
oughly instructed in good behavior, reading, writing, spelling, Eng- 
lish grammar, geography, arithmetic, free hand drawing, the history 
and constitution of the United States, and n. elementary physiology 
and hygiene, with special reference to the effect of alcoholic drinks 
and narcotics on the human system, and shall receive special in- 
s truction in the geography, history, constitution and principles of the 
[;overnment of Vermont. Public Statutes, Section 1003, Chapter 46. 

Are you meeting all the requirements of above law? 

Conant's Vermont Complete, and Vermont Primary 
Historical Reader 
are published expressly to meet the requirements of above law. 
Please examine them. 

THE TUTTLE COMPANY, Rutland, Vt. 



AUU 23 »9C7 



FIFTH EDITION 
REVISED 



CONANPS 

Geography, History 
Constitution and 
Civil Government 

OF VERMONT 

REVISED BY MASON S. STONE 

State Superintendent of Education of Vermont 



The Tuttle Company, Rutland, Vt., are the publishers of 
"CONANT'S VERMONT," consisting of a Geography, His- 
tory, Constitution and Civil Government of the State, all in one 
book. Edward Conant, the author, spared no pains to have it 
correct in every detail. In the historical part, Mr. Conant was 
assisted by State Librarian Hiram A. Huse of Montpelier, and 
other well-known historians and educators of the State. It has 
been used in nearly every school in the State. The work is 
printed from new type in ten point, leaded, and profusely illus- 
trated. This book meets a long-felt want in our public schools, 
and all Teachers and Educators welcome a school book that is 
so well adapted for all schools in the State, covering as it does 
its History, Geography and Civil Government, including the 
Constitution, compiled by so able an author as Edward Conant, 
and revised by Mason S. Stone, the State Supt. of Schools. 
The publishers have embodied many new features in the work, 
and take pride in the same. Every county receives due atten- 
tion as regards its prominent features, and the book is as near 
complete as possible. The law requires "special instruction 
in the Geography, History, Constitution and Civil Government 
of Vermont." 

PRICE $1.23 
SAMPLE COPIES BY MAIL PREPAID FOR $1. 
Special Price in Quantities for School Introduction 



THE TUTTLE COMPANY 

Publishers .*. .*. Rutland, Vermont 



THE TUTTLE COMPANY 



INCORPORATED 



The Vermont 
Jobbing House 

Proprietors of 
The Celebrated Marble City Mills Writing Paper 

~ Jobbers in ^=^=^==== 

School Practice Paper, School Crayons, Ink, Pencils, etc. 

Holiday Goods, Albums 
Bibles, Stationery : : : : 

Send for our 16 p. Price List of School Supplies, or send us 
order for School Materials and we Guarantee Satisfaction 

Webster's New International Dictionary 

With Denison's Patent Index, full sheep - - - - . . 89.2^ 
Witliout Index --- -... 8.50 

Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 

G. & C. Merriam Company's Reprint 

Containing about 100,000 words; size 8 x 11, and 5 inches thick. Full 
Sheep binding, indexed, *?.50. This book is about the size of the regular 
Webster's International Dictionary, but should not be confounded with it. 
The copyright has run out on the original book and this is a reprint of 
Unabridged at a reduced price. It is cheap and desirable for reference in 
schools, offices and the family, where the higher priced and last edition of 
the regular Webster cannot be afforded. ORDER AT ONCE. 

The Lambie Dictionary Holder and Attachments 

No. 1 Holder. Oak and Bronze Prame -------- S5.00 

No. 6. Same with revolving book shelf --------- 8.50 

fl®°'Just the thing. Holds any large book. 



WE PUBLISH THE 

New Primary Historical Reader of Vermont 

Just the Book for Vermont Boys and Girls. Only 60 cents by mail pre- 
paid. Introduction, 45 cents. 



THE TUTTLE COMPANY 

ESTABLISHED 1832 

11 and 13 Center Street Rutland, Vermont 

We Occupy New Four Story Brick Block 



